DOC HOME SITE MAP MAN PAGES GNU INFO SEARCH
 

cdrecord(1)





NAME

       cdrecord - record audio or data CD, DVD or BluRay


SYNOPSIS

       cdrecord   [   general   options  ][  dev=device  ][  track  options  ]
       track1...trackn


DESCRIPTION

       Cdrecord is used to record data or audio Compact  Discs  on  an  Orange
       Book CD-recorder, to write DVD media on a DVD-recorder or to write Blu-
       Ray media on a BluRay-recorder.

   Device naming
       Most users do not need to care about device naming at all.  If no  dev=
       option  was  specified,  cdrecord  implements  auto  target support and
       automagically finds the drive in case  that  exactly  one  CD-ROM  type
       drive  is  available  in the system.  In case that more than one CD-ROM
       type drive exists on the system, a list of possible device name parame-
       ters may be retrieved with cdrecord -scanbus or from the target example
       from the output of cdrecord dev=help, then the dev=  parameter  may  be
       set based on the device listing.

       The  device  parameter to the dev= option explained below refers to the
       SCSI CAM standard notation for scsibus/target/lun of the CD/DVD/BluRay-
       recorder.  If a file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, the parameter to the
       dev= option may also be a drive name label in said file (see FILES sec-
       tion).

   Constraints for running cdrecord
       On SVr4 compliant systems, cdrecord uses the real-time class to get the
       highest scheduling priority that is possible (higher  than  all  kernel
       processes).   On  systems with POSIX real-time scheduling cdrecord uses
       real-time scheduling too, but may not be able to gain a  priority  that
       is higher than all kernel processes.

       In  order to be able to use the SCSI transport subsystem of the OS, run
       at highest priority and lock itself into core cdrecord either needs  to
       be run as root, needs to be installed suid root or must be called via a
       fine grained privileges mechanism, such as  the  Solaris  privileges(5)
       mechanism  via  exec_attr(4) or the Linux capabilities(7) mechanism via
       setcap(8) to allow cdrecord to be used as an ordinary user.

   File to track mapping
       In Track At Once mode, each track corresponds to  a  single  file  that
       contains  the  prepared  data  for that track.  If the argument is `-',
       standard input is used for that track.  Only one  track  may  be  taken
       from  stdin.   In the other write modes, the direct file to track rela-
       tion may not be implemented.  In -clone mode, a  single  file  contains
       all data for the whole disk.  To allow DVD writing on platforms that do
       not implement large file support, cdrecord concatenates all file  argu-
       ments to a single track when writing to DVD media.


GENERAL OPTIONS

       General options must be before any track file name or track option.

   Informative options
       -help  display version information for cdrecord on standard output.

       -version
              Print version information and exit.

       -v     Increment  the  level of general verbosity by one.  This is used
              e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.

   Media write mode options
       -dummy The -dummy option modifies  the  current  write  strategy.   The
              CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder  will go through all steps of the record-
              ing process, but the laser is turned off during this  procedure.
              It  is  recommended to run several tests before actually writing
              to a Compact Disk or Digital Versatile Disk, if the  timing  and
              load response of the current system is not yet known.

              The  -dummy option does not work with all media and write modes.
              DVD+ media and BluRay media does not support  dummy  writes  and
              most CD-recorders do not support dummy writes in raw mode.

       -multi Allow  multi-session  CDs or multi-border DVDs to be made.  This
              flag needs to be present on all sessions of a  multi-session  or
              multi-border  disk,  except you want to create a session on a CD
              that will be the last session on the CD-media.

              For CD-media, the fixation will be done in a way that allows the
              CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder to append additional sessions later. This
              is done by generating a TOC with a  link  to  the  next  program
              area.  The so generated media is not 100% compatible to manufac-
              tured CDs (except for CDplus).  Use only for recording of multi-
              session  CDs.  If this option is present, the default track type
              is CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 and the sector size  is  2048  bytes.
              The XA sector subheaders will be created by the drive.  The Sony
              drives have no hardware support for CD-ROM XA  mode  2  form  1.
              You  have  to specify the -data option in order to create multi-
              session disks on these drives.  If you like to record  a  multi-
              session  disk  in  SAO mode, you need to force CD-ROM sectors by
              including the -data option.  Not all drives allow  multi-session
              CDs in SAO mode.

              For  DVD  media,  -multi  switches the write mode to incremental
              packet recording.  There is currently  no  way  to  prevent  the
              ability  to  append further sessions and there is currently only
              support for DVD-R/DVD-RW media.  To reuse a DVD-RW that has pre-
              viously  been  written  in incremental packet recording mode for
              different write modes,  you  need  to  blank  the  entire  media
              before.

       -dao

       -sao   Set  SAO  (Session At Once) mode which is usually called Disk At
              Once mode.  This currently only works with MMC drives that  sup-
              port Session At Once mode.  Note that cdrecord needs to know the
              size of each track in advance for this  mode  (see  the  mkisofs
              -print-size  option  and  the EXAMPLES section for more informa-
              tion).

              There are several CD writers with bad firmware  that  result  in
              broken  disks  when writing in TAO or SAO mode.  If you find any
              problems with the layout of a disk or  with  subchannel  content
              (e.g.  wrong  times on the display when playing the CD) and your
              drive supports to write in -raw96r or -raw16  mode,  you  should
              give it a try.

       -tao   Set TAO (Track At Once) writing mode.  This is the default write
              mode in previous cdrecord  versions.   With  most  drives,  this
              write mode is required for multi-session recording.

              There  are  several  CD writers with bad firmware that result in
              broken disks when writing in TAO or SAO mode.  If you  find  any
              problems  with  the  layout of a disk or with subchannel content
              (e.g. wrong times on the display when playing the CD)  and  your
              drive  supports  to  write in -raw96r or -raw16 mode, you should
              give it a try.

       -raw   Set RAW writing mode.  Using this option  defaults  to  -raw96r.
              Note  that  cdrecord  needs  to  know  the size of each track in
              advance for this mode (see the mkisofs  -print-size  option  and
              the EXAMPLES section for more information).

       -raw96r
              Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes of raw
              P-W sub-channel data resulting in a sector size of  2448  bytes.
              This  is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best control
              over the CD-writing process.  Writing data  disks  in  raw  mode
              needs  significantly  more  CPU  time than other write modes. If
              your CPU is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns.  Note
              that  cdrecord  needs  to know the size of each track in advance
              for this mode (see the mkisofs -print-size option and the  EXAM-
              PLES section for more information).

       -raw96p
              Set  RAW  writing  mode  with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes of
              packed P-W sub-channel data resulting in a sector size  of  2448
              bytes.   This  is  the less preferred raw writing mode as only a
              few recorders support it and some of these recorders  have  bugs
              in  the  firmware  implementation.   Don't use this mode if your
              recorder supports -raw96r or -raw16.  Writing data disks in  raw
              mode  needs  significantly more CPU time than other write modes.
              If your CPU is too slow, this may result  in  buffer  underruns.
              Note  that  cdrecord  needs  to  know  the size of each track in
              advance for this mode (see the mkisofs  -print-size  option  and
              the EXAMPLES section for more information).

       -raw16 Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 16 bytes of P-Q
              sub-channel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes.  If a
              recorder  does  not  support  -raw96r, this is the preferred raw
              writing mode.  It does not allow to write CD-Text or CD+Graphics
              but  it  is  the  only  raw writing mode in cheap CD-writers, as
              these cheap writers in most cases  do  not  support  -dao  mode.
              Don't  use this mode if your recorder supports -raw96r.  Writing
              data disks in raw mode needs significantly more  CPU  time  than
              other  write  modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in
              buffer underruns.  Note that cdrecord needs to know the size  of
              each track in advance for this mode (see the mkisofs -print-size
              option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).

   Cdrecord functional options
       -abort Try to send an abort sequence to the drive.  If you use cdrecord
              only,  this should never be needed; but other software may leave
              a drive in an unusable condition.  Calling cdrecord  -reset  may
              be needed if a previous write has been interrupted and the soft-
              ware did not tell the drive that it will not continue to  write.

       -atip  Retrieve  and  print  out the ATIP (Absolute Time In Pre-groove)
              info of a CD/DVD/BluRay recordable or CD/DVD/BluRay  re-writable
              media.  With this option, cdrecord will try to retrieve the ATIP
              info. If the actual drive does not  support  to  read  the  ATIP
              info,  it  may be that only a reduced set of information records
              or even nothing is displayed. Only a limited number of  MMC-com-
              pliant drives support to read the ATIP info.

              If  cdrecord  is able to retrieve the lead-in start time for the
              first session, it will try to decode and print the  manufacturer
              info  from  the media.  DVD media does not have ATIP information
              but there is equivalent prerecorded information that is read out
              and printed.

       blank=type
              Blank  a  CD-RW  and  exit  or blank a CD-RW before writing. The
              blanking type may be one of:

              help        Display a list of possible blanking types.

              all         Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.

              fast        Minimally blank the disk. This  results  in  erasing
                          the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.

              track       Blank the last track.

              unreserve   Unreserve a reserved track.

              trtail      Blank the tail of a track.

              unclose     Unclose last session.

              session     Blank the last session.

              Not  all  drives support all blanking types. It may be necessary
              to use blank=all if a drive reports a specified command as being
              invalid.  If used together with the -force flag, this option may
              be used to blank CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot  be  blanked.
              Note  that you may need to specify blank=all because some drives
              will not continue with certain types of bad  CD-RW  disks.  Note
              also  that cdrecord does its best if the -force flag is used but
              it finally depends on the drive's firmware whether the  blanking
              operation will succeed or not.

       -checkdrive
              Checks  if  a  driver for the current drive is present and exit.
              If the drive is a known drive, cdrecord uses exit code 0.

       -clone Tells cdrecord to handle images created by readcd  -clone.   The
              -clone  write  mode  may  only  be  used in conjunction with the
              -raw96r or -raw16 option.  Using -clone together with -raw96r is
              preferred  as  it  allows  to  write  all sub-channel data.  The
              -raw16 option should only be used with drives that do  not  sup-
              port to write in -raw96r mode.

              Note that copying in clone mode disables certain levels of error
              correction and thus always results  in  a  quality  degradation.
              Avoid copying audio CDs in clone mode for this reason.

       cuefile=filename
              Take  all  recording-related information from a CDRWIN-compliant
              CUE sheet file.  No track-file arguments to cdrecord are allowed
              when  this  option  is present and one of the following options:
              -dao, -sao, -raw, -raw16, -raw96r is needed in addition.

       defpregap=#
              Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track  number
              1.   This  option  currently only makes sense with the following
              drives:

              Teac CD-R50S, Teac CD-R55S, JVC XR-W2010, Pinnacle RCD-5020

              when creating track-at-once disks without the  2-second  silence
              before each track.
              This option may go away in the future.

       driver=name
              Allows the user to manually select a driver for the device.  The
              reason for the existence of the driver=name option is  to  allow
              users  to use cdrecord with drives that are similar to supported
              drives but not known directly  by  cdrecord.   All  drives  made
              after  1997  should be MMC-standard-compliant and thus supported
              by one of the MMC drivers.  It is most unlikely that cdrecord is
              unable  to find the right driver automatically.  Use this option
              with extreme care. If a wrong driver is used for a  device,  the
              possibility  of  creating  corrupted disks is high.  The minimum
              problem related to a wrong driver is that the -speed  or  -dummy
              will not work.

              The following driver names are supported:

              help   To  get  a list of possible drivers together with a short
                     description.

              mmc_bd The generic SCSI-3/mmc  BluRay  driver  is  auto-selected
                     whenever  cdrecord finds an MMC-compliant drive that does
                     support to write BluRay media or a multi system that con-
                     tains  a  BluRay disk as the current medium.  This driver
                     tries to close the tray, checks the medium found  in  the
                     tray  and  then  branches  to the driver that matches the
                     current medium.

              mmc_bdr
                     The generic SCSI-3/mmc  BluRay  driver  is  auto-selected
                     whenever  cdrecord finds an MMC-compliant drive that does
                     support to write BluRay BD-R media or a multi system that
                     contains a BluRay BD-R disk as the current medium.

              mmc_bdre
                     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc  BluRay  driver is auto-selected
                     whenever cdrecord finds an MMC-compliant drive that  does
                     support  to  write  BluRay  BD-RE media or a multi system
                     that contains a BluRay BD-RE disk as the current  medium.

              mmc_cd The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc  CD-ROM  driver is auto-selected
                     whenever cdrecord finds an MMC-compliant drive that  does
                     not  identify  itself  to support writing at all, or that
                     only identifies to  support  media  or  write  modes  not
                     implemented in cdrecord.

              mmc_cd_dvd
                     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc  CD/DVD/BluRay  driver  is auto-
                     selected whenever cdrecord finds an MMC-2  or  MMC-3-com-
                     pliant  drive  that seems to support more than one medium
                     type and the tray is open or no medium could be found  to
                     select  the right driver.  This driver tries to close the
                     tray, checks the  medium  found  in  the  tray  and  then
                     branches to the driver that matches the current medium.

              mmc_cdr
                     The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
                     whenever cdrecord finds an MMC-compliant drive that  only
                     supports  to  write CDs or a multi system drive that con-
                     tains a CD as the current medium.

              mmc_cdr_sony
                     The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
                     whenever  cdrecord  would  otherwise  select  the mmc_cdr
                     driver but the device seems to  be  made  by  Sony.   The
                     mmc_cdr_sony is definitely needed for the Sony CDU 928 as
                     this drive does not completely implement the MMC standard
                     and  some of the MMC SCSI commands have to be replaced by
                     Sony proprietary commands. It seems that all Sony  drives
                     (even  newer  ones)  still implement the Sony proprietary
                     SCSI commands so it has not yet become a problem  to  use
                     this driver for all Sony drives. If you find a newer Sony
                     drive that does not work with this driver, please report.

              mmc_dvd
                     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-2  DVD-R/DVD-RW  driver is auto-
                     selected whenever cdrecord finds an MMC-2  or  MMC-3-com-
                     pliant drive that supports to write DVDs and an appropri-
                     ate medium is loaded.  There is no Track At Once mode for
                     DVD writers.

              mmc_dvdplus
                     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-3  DVD+R/DVD+RW  driver is auto-
                     selected whenever one of the DVD+ media  types  that  are
                     incompatible to each other is found.  It checks media and
                     then branches to the  driver  that  matches  the  current
                     medium.

              mmc_dvdplusr
                     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-3  DVD+R driver is auto-selected
                     whenever a  DVD+R  medium  is  found  in  an  appropriate
                     writer.    Note  that  for  unknown  reason,  the  DVD+RW
                     Alliance does not like that there is  a  simulation  mode
                     for  DVD+R  media.   The author of cdrecord tries to con-
                     vince manufacturers to implement a  simulation  mode  for
                     DVD+R  and  implement  support.   DVD+R only supports one
                     write mode that is somewhere between Track  At  Once  and
                     Packet writing; this mode is selected in cdrecord via the
                     -dao/-sao option.

              mmc_dvdplusrw
                     The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+RW driver  is  auto-selected
                     whenever  a  DVD+RW  medium  is  found  in an appropriate
                     writer.  As DVD+RW media  need  to  be  formatted  before
                     their  first use, cdrecord auto-detects this medium state
                     and performs a format before it starts  to  write.   Note
                     that  for  unknown  reason,  the DVD+RW Alliance does not
                     like that there is a simulation mode nor a way  to  erase
                     DVD+RW  media.   DVD+RW only supports one write mode that
                     is close to Packet writing;  this  mode  is  selected  in
                     cdrecord via the -dao/-sao option.

              cw_7501
                     The  driver  for  Matsushita/Panasonic  CW-7501  is auto-
                     selected when cdrecord  finds  this  old  pre-MMC  drive.
                     Cdrecord supports all write modes for this drive type.

              kodak_pcd_600
                     The  driver  for  Kodak  PCD-600  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord finds this old pre-MMC drive which has been  the
                     first  high  speed  (6x)  CD-writer for a long time. This
                     drive behaves similarly to the Philips CDD-521 drive.

              philips_cdd521
                     The driver for  Philips  CDD-521  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds  a  Philips  CDD-521  drive (which is the
                     first CD-writer ever made) or one  of  the  other  drives
                     that  are  known  to behave similarly to this drive.  All
                     Philips CDD-521 or similar drives (see other  drivers  in
                     this list) do not support Session At Once recording.

              philips_cdd521_old
                     The  driver for Philips old CDD-521 is auto-selected when
                     cdrecord finds a Philips CDD-521 with very  old  firmware
                     which has some known limitations.

              philips_cdd522
                     The  driver  for  Philips  CDD-522  is auto-selected when
                     cdrecord finds a Philips CDD-522 which is  the  successor
                     of  the  521  or  one  of  its variants with Kodak label.
                     Cdrecord does not support Session At Once recording  with
                     these drives.

              philips_dumb
                     The  driver  for Philips CDD-521 with pessimistic assump-
                     tions is never auto-selected.  It may  be  used  by  hand
                     with drives that behave similarly to the Philips CDD-521.

              pioneer_dws114x
                     The driver for Pioneer  DW-S114X  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds  one  of  the old non-MMC CD-writers from
                     Pioneer.

              plasmon_rf4100
                     The driver for Plasmon  RF  4100  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds  this  specific  variant  of  the Philips
                     CDD-521.

              ricoh_ro1060c
                     The driver  for  Ricoh  RO-1060C  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds  this drive. There is no real support for
                     this drive yet.

              ricoh_ro1420c
                     The driver  for  Ricoh  RO-1420C  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds a drive with this specific variant of the
                     Philips CDD-521 command set.

              scsi2_cd
                     The generic SCSI-2 CD-ROM driver is  auto-selected  when-
                     ever cdrecord finds a pre-MMC drive that does not support
                     writing or a pre-MMC writer  that  is  not  supported  by
                     cdrecord.

              sony_cdu924
                     The  driver  for  Sony CDU-924 / CDU-948 is auto-selected
                     whenever cdrecord finds one of the old pre-MMC CD-writers
                     from Sony.

              teac_cdr50
                     The  driver for Teac CD-R50S, Teac CD-R55S, JVC XR-W2010,
                     Pinnacle RCD-5020 is auto-selected whenever  one  of  the
                     drives  is found that is known to use the non-MMC command
                     set used by TEAC and JVC.  Note that many drives from JVC
                     will not work because they do not correctly implement the
                     documented command set and JVC has been unwilling to  fix
                     or  document  the bugs.  There is no support for the Ses-
                     sion At Once write mode yet.

              tyuden_ew50
                     The driver for Taiyo Yuden EW-50  is  auto-selected  when
                     cdrecord  finds a drive with this specific variant of the
                     Philips CDD-521 command set.

              yamaha_cdr100
                     The driver for Yamaha CDR-100 / CDR-102 is  auto-selected
                     when  cdrecord  finds  one  of the old pre-MMC CD-writers
                     from Yamaha.  There is no support for the Session At Once
                     write mode yet.

              bd_simul
                     The  simulation  BluRay  driver  allows to run timing and
                     speed tests with parameters that match  the  behavior  of
                     BluRay writers.

              cdr_simul
                     The simulation CD-R driver allows to run timing and speed
                     tests with parameters that match the behavior of CD-writ-
                     ers.

              dvd_simul
                     The  simulation  DVD-R  driver  allows  to run timing and
                     speed tests with parameters that match  the  behavior  of
                     DVD writers.

              There  are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
              dvd_simul.  These driver entries are  designed  to  make  timing
              tests  at  any speed or timing tests for drives that do not sup-
              port the -dummy option.   The  simulation  drivers  implement  a
              drive  with  a  buffer  size of 1 MB that can be changed via the
              CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable.  The  simulation  driver
              correctly  simulates  even  a buffer underrun condition.  If the
              -dummy option is present, the simulation is not aborted in  case
              of a buffer underrun.

       driveropts=option list
              Set  driver  specific  options.  The  options are specified as a
              comma separated list.  To  get  a  list  of  valid  options  use
              driveropts=help  together  with  the -checkdrive option.  If you
              like to set driver options without running  a  typical  cdrecord
              task,  you need to use the -setdropts option in addition, other-
              wise the command line parser in cdrecord  will  complain.   Cur-
              rently implemented driver options are:

              burnfree
                     Turn  the  support  for  Buffer Underrun Free writing on.
                     This only works for drives that support  Buffer  Underrun
                     Free  technology.   This may be called: Sanyo BURN-Proof,
                     Ricoh Just-Link, Yamaha Lossless-Link or similar.

                     The default is to turn BURN-Free off, regardless  of  the
                     defaults of the drive.

              noburnfree
                     Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing off.

              varirec=value
                     Turn  on  the Plextor VariRec writing mode. The mandatory
                     parameter value is the laser power offset  and  currently
                     may  be  selected from -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.  In addition, you
                     need to set the write  speed  to  4  in  order  to  allow
                     VariRec to work.

              gigarec=value
                     Manage  the  Plextor  GigaRec writing mode. The mandatory
                     parameter value is the disk capacity  ratio  compared  to
                     normal  recording and currently may be selected from 0.6,
                     0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1,1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.  If values <  1.0
                     are  used, then the effect is similar to the Yamaha Audio
                     Master Q. R.  feature. If values > 1.0 are used, then the
                     disk capacity is increased.

                     Not  all drives support all GigaRec values.  When a drive
                     uses the GigaRec feature, the write speed is  limited  to
                     8x.

              audiomaster
                     Turn on the Yamaha Audio Master Q. R.  feature which usu-
                     ally should result in high quality  CDs  that  have  less
                     reading  problems  in  Hi-Fi  players.  As this is imple-
                     mented as a variant of the Session At Once write mode, it
                     will  only work if you select SAO write mode and there is
                     no need to turn it off.  The Audio Master mode will  work
                     with  a limited speed but may also be used with data CDs.
                     In Audio Master mode, the pits on the CD will be  written
                     larger  than  usual  so  the  capacity  of  the medium is
                     reduced when turning this feature  on.   A  74-minute  CD
                     will  only  have a capacity of 63 minutes if Audio Master
                     is active and the capacity of  a  80-minute  CD  will  be
                     reduced to 68 minutes, the capacity in will be reduced to
                     85% of the original capacity.  On newer  Plextor  drives,
                     this  feature  is  also  present but the capacity will be
                     reduced to 86.66% of the  original  capacity.  For  other
                     factors  on Plextor drives, see the gigarec option above.

              forcespeed
                     Normally, modern drives know the highest  possible  speed
                     for  different media and may reduce the speed in order to
                     grant best write quality.  This technology may be called:
                     Plextor  PowerRec, Ricoh Just-Speed, Yamaha Optimum Write
                     Speed Control or similar.   Some  drives  (e.g.  Plextor,
                     Ricoh  and  Yamaha)  allow  to force the drive to use the
                     selected speed even if the medium  is  so  bad  that  the
                     write  quality  would  be  poor. This option tells such a
                     drive to force to use the selected  speed  regardless  of
                     the medium quality.

                     Use this option with extreme care and note that the drive
                     should know better which medium will work at full  speed.
                     The  default is to turn forcespeed off, regardless of the
                     defaults of the drive.

              noforcespeed
                     Turn off the force speed feature.

              speedread
                     Some ultra high speed  drives  such  as  48x  and  faster
                     drives  from  Plextor  limit  the  read speed for unknown
                     media to e.g. 40x in order to  avoid  damaged  disks  and
                     drives.   Using  this  option tells the drive to read any
                     media as fast as possible.  Be very careful as  this  may
                     cause  the  media  to  break  in the drive while reading,
                     resulting in damaged media and drive!

              nospeedread
                     Turn off unlimited read speed.

              singlesession
                     Turn the drive into a single-session  only  drive.   This
                     allows to read defective or non-compliant (illegal) media
                     with extremely non-standard  additional  (broken/illegal)
                     TOC entries in the TOC from the second or higher session.
                     Some of these disks become usable if only the information
                     from  the first session is used.  You need to enable Sin-
                     gle Session mode before you insert the defective disk!

              nosinglesession
                     Turn off single-session mode. The drive will again behave
                     as usual.

              hidecdr
                     Hide the fact that a medium might be a recordable medium.
                     This allows to make CD-Rs look like CD-ROMs and  applica-
                     tions  believe that the media in the drive is not a CD-R.

              nohidecdr
                     Turn off hiding CD-R media.

              tattooinfo
                     Use this option together with -checkdrive to retrieve the
                     image  size  information  for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature.
                     The images always have a  line  length  of  3744  pixels.
                     Line  number  0 (radius 0) is mapped to the center of the
                     disk.  If you know the inner and outer radii you will  be
                     able  to  create  a  pre  distorted  image that later may
                     appear undistorted on the disk.

              tattoofile=name
                     Use this option together with  -checkdrive  to  write  an
                     image  prepared  for  the  Yamaha  DiskT@2 feature to the
                     medium.  The file must be a file with raw image B&W  data
                     (one byte per pixel) in a size as retrieved by a previous
                     call to tattooinfo.  If the size of the image equals  the
                     maximum  possible size (3744 x 320 pixels), cdrecord will
                     use the first part of the file. This first part then will
                     be written to the leftover space on the CD.

                     Note  that the image must be mirrored to be readable from
                     the pick up side of the CD.

              layerbreak
                     Switch a drive  with  DVD-R/DL  medium  into  layer  jump
                     recording  recording  mode  and use automatic layer-break
                     position setup.

                     By default,  DVD-R/DL  media  is  written  in  sequential
                     recording mode that completely fills up both layers.

              layerbreak=value
                     Set  up  a  manual  layer-break  value  for  DVD-R/DL and
                     DVD+R/DL.  The specified layer-break value  must  not  be
                     set  to less than half of the recorded data size and must
                     not be set to more than the remaining Layer 0 size of the
                     medium.   The manual layer-break value needs to be a mul-
                     tiple of the ECC sector size which  is  16  logical  2048
                     byte  sectors  in  case  of DVD media and 32 logical 2048
                     byte sectors in case of HD-DVD or BD media.

                     Cdrecord does not allow to write DL media  in  case  that
                     the total amount of data is less then the Layer 0 size of
                     the medium except when  a  manual  layer-break  has  been
                     specified by using the layerbreak=value option.

       -eject Eject  disk  after  doing the work.  Some devices (e.g. Philips)
              need to eject the medium before creating a  new  disk.  Doing  a
              -dummy  test and immediately creating a real disk would not work
              on these devices.

       -fix   The disk will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a  CD-reader  will
              be  written).  This may be used, if for some reason the disk has
              been written but not fixated. This  option  currently  does  not
              work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).

       -force Force  to  continue  on  some errors. Be careful when using this
              option.  Cdrecord implements several  checks  that  prevent  you
              from doing unwanted things like damaging CD-RW media by improper
              drives. Many of the sanity checks are disabled when  the  -force
              option is used.

              This  option  also implements some tricks that will allow you to
              blank bad CD-RW disks.

       -format
              Format a CD-RW/DVD-RW/DVD+RW/BD-RE  disc.   Formatting  is  cur-
              rently  only implemented for DVD+RW and BD-RE media.  A 'maiden'
              DVD+RW or BD-RE medium needs to  be  formatted  before  you  may
              write to it.  However, as cdrecord autodetects the need for for-
              matting in this case and  auto  formats  the  medium  before  it
              starts writing, the -format option is only needed if you like to
              forcibly reformat a DVD+RW or BD-RE medium.

       fs=#   Set the FIFO (ring buffer) size to #.  You may use the same syn-
              tax as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1).  The number representing the
              size is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified.  If a  number
              is  followed  directly  by the letter `b', `k', `m', `s' or `f',
              the size is multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024,  2048  or  2352.
              If  the size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*', multi-
              plication of the two numbers is performed.  Thus fs=10x63k  will
              specify a FIFO size of 630 kBytes.

              The  size specified by the fs= argument includes the shared mem-
              ory that is needed for administration. This is at least one page
              of  memory.   If  no fs= option is present, cdrecord will try to
              get the FIFO size value from the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment.   The
              default FIFO size is currently 4 MB.

              The FIFO is used to increase buffering for the real-time writing
              process.  It allows to run a pipe  from  mkisofs  directly  into
              cdrecord.   If  the  FIFO is active and a pipe from mkisofs into
              cdrecord is used to create a CD, cdrecord will abort prior to do
              any  modifications  on  the  disk if mkisofs dies before writing
              starts.  The recommended FIFO size is between 4 and  128 MBytes.
              As  a  rule  of thumb, the FIFO size should be at least equal to
              the size of the internal buffer  of  the  CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder
              and no more than half of the physical amount of RAM available in
              the machine.  If the FIFO size is big enough, the  FIFO  statis-
              tics  will  print a FIFO empty count of zero and a FIFO min fill
              not below 20%.  It is not wise to use too  much  space  for  the
              FIFO.  If  you need more than 8 MB to write a CD at a speed less
              than 20x from an image  on  a  local  file  system  on  an  idle
              machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware prob-
              lems or is mis-configured.  If you like  to  write  DVDs  or  to
              write  CDs at higher speed, it makes sense to use at least 16 MB
              for the FIFO.

              On old and small machines, you need to be more careful with  the
              FIFO  size.   If  your  machine has less than 256 MB of physical
              RAM, you should not set up a FIFO size that is more than  32 MB.
              The sun4c architecture (e.g. a Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page
              table  entries  for  16 MBytes  per  process.  Using  more  than
              14 MBytes  for  the  FIFO may cause the operating system in this
              case to spend much time to constantly  reload  the  MMU  tables.
              Newer  machines  from Sun do not have this MMU hardware problem.
              The author has no information on  PC  hardware  reflecting  this
              problem.

              Old  Linux systems for non-x86 platforms have broken definitions
              for the shared memory size. You need to fix them and rebuild the
              kernel or manually tell cdrecord to use a smaller FIFO.

              If  you  have  buffer underruns or similar problems (like a con-
              stantly empty drive-buffer) and observe a zero fifo empty count,
              you  have  hardware  problems that prevent the data from flowing
              fast enough from the kernel memory to the drive. The  FIFO  size
              in  this  case is sufficient, but you should check for a working
              DMA setup.

       gracetime=#
              Set the grace time before starting to write to # seconds.   Val-
              ues below 3 seconds are not allowed in order to prevent the vol-
              ume management from interrupting the write process.

       -ignsize
              Ignore the known size of the medium. This option should be  used
              with  extreme  care, it exists only for debugging purposes so do
              not use it for other reasons.  It is not needed to  write  disks
              with more than the nominal capacity.  This option implies -over-
              burn.

       -immed Tell cdrecord to set the SCSI IMMED  flag  in  certain  commands
              (load,  eject,  blank, close_track, close_session).  This can be
              useful on broken systems with ATAPI hard-disk and  CD/DVD/BluRay
              writer on the same bus or with SCSI systems that do not use dis-
              connect/reconnect.  These systems will freeze while blanking  or
              fixating  a  CD/DVD/BluRay or while a DVD writer is filling up a
              session to the minimum amount (approx.  800  MB).   Setting  the
              -immed flag will request the command to return immediately while
              the operation proceeds in background, making the bus usable  for
              the  other  devices  and avoiding the system freeze.  This is an
              experimental feature which may work or  not,  depending  on  the
              model  of the CD/DVD/BluRay writer.  A correct solution would be
              to set up a correct cabling  but  there  seem  to  be  notebooks
              around  that have been set up the wrong way by the manufacturer.
              As it is impossible to fix this problem in notebooks, the -immed
              option has been added.

              A  second  experimental  feature  of  the -immed flag is to tell
              cdrecord to try to wait short times while writing to the  media.
              This is expected to free the IDE bus if the CD/DVD/BluRay writer
              and the data source are connected to the same IDE cable. In this
              case, the CD/DVD/BluRay writer would otherwise usually block the
              IDE bus for nearly all the time making it  impossible  to  fetch
              data from the source drive. See also the minbuf= and -v options.

              Use both features at your own risk.  If it  turns  out  that  it
              would make sense to have a separate option for the wait feature,
              write to the author and convince him.

       -inq   Do an inquiry for the drive, print  the  inquiry  info  for  the
              drive and exit.

       -load  Load  the  media  and  exit. This only works with a tray-loading
              mechanism but seems to be  useful  when  using  the  Kodak  disk
              transporter.

       -lock  Load  the  media, lock the door and exit. This only works with a
              tray-loading mechanism but seems to be  useful  when  using  the
              Kodak disk transporter.

       mcn=med_cat_nr
              Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.

       minbuf=value
              The  minbuf=  option  allows  to define the minimum drive-buffer
              fill ratio for the experimental ATAPI wait mode that is intended
              to  free the IDE bus to allow hard disk and CD/DVD/BluRay writer
              to be on the same IDE cable.  As the wait  mode  currently  only
              works  when  the  verbose option -v has been specified, cdrecord
              implies the verbose option in case the -immed or minbuf=  option
              has been specified.  Valid values for minbuf= are between 25 and
              95 for 25%...95% minimum drive-buffer fill ratio.

       -media-info

       -minfo Retrieve and print information about the state  of  the  medium.
              This option currently only works for MMC-compliant drives.

       -msinfo
              Retrieve  multi-session info in a form suitable for mkisofs-1.10
              or later.

              This option makes only sense with a CD that  contains  at  least
              one  closed  session and is appendable (not finally closed yet).
              Some drives create error messages if you try to get  the  multi-
              session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.

       -noclose
              Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet writ-
              ing mode.  This is an experimental interface.

       -nofix Do  not  fixate  the  disk after writing the tracks. This may be
              used to create an audio disk in steps. An  un-fixated  disk  can
              usually  not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there are
              audio CD-players that will be able to play such a disk.

       -overburn
              Allow cdrecord to write more than the official size of a medium.
              This  feature  is  usually called overburning and depends on the
              fact that most blank media may hold more space than the official
              size.  As  the official size of the lead-out area on the disk is
              90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if there  are
              at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be overburned by
              at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors).  Most CD-recorders  only  do
              overburning  in  SAO  or RAW mode. Known exceptions are TEAC CD-
              R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502.   Some  drives  do
              not  allow  to  overburn as much as you might like and limit the
              size of a CD to e.g. 76 minutes. This  problem  may  be  circum-
              vented  by writing the CD in RAW mode because this way the drive
              has no chance to find the size before starting to  burn.   There
              is  no  guarantee  that  your drive supports overburning at all.
              Make a test to check if your drive implements the feature.

       -packet
              Set Packet writing mode.  This is an experimental interface.

       pktsize=#
              Set the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode.  This is  an
              experimental interface.

       -prcap Print  the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc-compliant drives as
              obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked  with  kB  use  1000
              bytes  as  kilo-byte,  values  marked  with KB use 1024 bytes as
              Kilo-byte.

       -setdropts
              Set the driveropts  specified  by  driveropts=option  list,  the
              speed  of  the  drive  and the dummy flag and exit.  This allows
              cdrecord to set drive specific parameters that are not  directly
              used  by  cdrecord  like e.g.  single session mode, hide cdr and
              similar.  It is  needed  in  case  that  driveropts=option  list
              should  be  called  without  planning  to run a typical cdrecord
              task.

       speed=#
              Set the speed factor of the writing process to #.  # is an inte-
              ger,  representing a multiple of what has been defined as single
              speed for the medium.

              For CD-media, single speed is the audio playback speed.  This is
              about 150 KB/s for CD-ROM and about 172 KB/s for CD-Audio.  Sin-
              gle speed is about 1385 kB/s for DVD media and  about  4496 kB/s
              for BluRay media.

              If  no speed option is present, cdrecord will try to get a drive
              specific speed value from the file /etc/default/cdrecord and  if
              it  cannot find one, it will try to get the speed value from the
              CDR_SPEED environment and later from  the  CDR_SPEED=  entry  in
              /etc/default/cdrecord.   If  no  speed  value  could  be  found,
              cdrecord uses a drive specific default speed.  The  default  for
              all  new  (MMC-compliant) drives is to use the maximum supported
              by the drive.  If you use speed=0 with  a  MMC-compliant  drive,
              cdrecord  will switch to the lowest possible speed for drive and
              medium.  If you are using an old (non-MMC) drive that has  prob-
              lems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.

       -text  Write CD-Text information based on information taken from a file
              that contains ascii information for the text strings.   Cdrecord
              supports  CD-Text  information based on the content of the *.inf
              files created by cdda2wav and CD-Text information based  on  the
              content  from  a  CUE  sheet file.  If a CUE sheet file contains
              both (binary CDTEXTFILE and text based SONGWRITER) entries, then
              the information based on the CDTEXTFILE entry will win.

              You need to use the -useinfo option in addition in order to tell
              cdrecord to read the *.inf files or cuefile=filename in order to
              tell cdrecord to read a CUE sheet file in addition.  If you like
              to write your own CD-Text information, edit the *.inf  files  or
              the CUE sheet file with a text editor and change the fields that
              are relevant for CD-Text.

       textfile=filename
              Write CD-Text based on information  found  in  the  binary  file
              filename.   This  file must contain information in a data format
              defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the  Red  Book.  The
              four-byte-sized  header  that is defined in the SCSI standard is
              optional and allows to make the recognition of correct data less
              ambiguous.   This  is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text
              data from existing CDs that already carry  CD-Text  information.
              To  get  data  in a format suitable for this option use cdrecord
              -vv -toc  to  extract  the  information  from  disk.   If  both,
              textfile=filename  and  CD-Text  information from *.inf or *.cue
              files are present, textfile=filename will  overwrite  the  other
              information.

       -toc   Retrieve  and  print  out  the table of contents or PMA of a CD.
              With this option, cdrecord will work with CD-R drives  and  with
              CD-ROM drives.

       -waiti Wait for input to become available on standard input before try-
              ing to open the SCSI driver. This allows cdrecord  to  read  its
              input  from  a  pipe  even when writing additional sessions to a
              multi-session disk.  When writing another session  to  a  multi-
              session  disk,  mkisofs  needs  to read the old session from the
              device before writing output.  This cannot be done  if  cdrecord
              opens the SCSI driver at the same time.

       -useinfo
              Use  *.inf  files to overwrite audio options.  If this option is
              used, the pregap size information, the  index  information,  the
              pre-emphasis  information  and  the  CD-Text information is read
              from the *.inf file that is associated with the file  that  con-
              tains the audio data for a track.

              If used together with the -audio option, cdrecord may be used to
              write audio CDs from a pipe from cdda2wav if you  call  cdrecord
              with  the  *.inf  files as track parameter list instead of using
              audio files.  The audio data is read from stdin  in  this  case.
              See  EXAMPLES section below.  Cdrecord first verifies that stdin
              is not connected to a terminal and runs some  heuristic  consis-
              tency  checks on the *.inf files and then sets the track lengths
              from the information in the *.inf files.

              If you like to write from stdin,  make  sure  that  cdrecord  is
              called  with a large enough FIFO size, reduce the write speed to
              a value below the read speed of the source drive and switch  the
              burn-free option for the recording drive on.

   SCSI options
       dev=target
              Set  the  SCSI  target for the CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder, see notes
              above.  A typical target device specification is dev=1,6,0 .  If
              a  filename  must be provided together with the numerical target
              specification, the filename  is  implementation  specific.   The
              correct  filename  in  this case can be found in the system spe-
              cific manuals of the target operating system.  On a FreeBSD sys-
              tem  without  CAM  support,  you  need to use the control device
              (e.g.  /dev/rcd0.ctl).  A correct device specification  in  this
              case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .

            General SCSI addressing
              The  target  device  to  the  dev= option refers to the SCSI CAM
              standard notation for scsibus/target/lun of  the  CD/DVD/BluRay-
              recorder.  Communication  on SunOS is done with the SCSI general
              driver scg.  Other operating systems are using a library simula-
              tion  of  this  driver.   Possible  syntax is: dev= scsibus,tar-
              get,lun or dev= target,lun.  In the latter case, the CD/DVD/Blu-
              Ray-recorder  has to be connected to the default SCSI bus of the
              machine.  Scsibus, target and lun  are  integer  numbers.   Some
              operating  systems or SCSI transport implementations may require
              to specify a filename in addition.  In  this  case  the  correct
              syntax  for the device is: dev= devicename:scsibus,target,lun or
              dev= devicename:target,lun.  If the name of the device node that
              has  been  specified on such a system refers to exactly one SCSI
              device, a shorthand in the form dev= devicename:@ or dev=  devi-
              cename:@,lun may be used instead of dev= devicename:scsibus,tar-
              get,lun.

            Remote SCSI addressing
              To access remote SCSI devices, you  need  to  prepend  the  SCSI
              device  name  by  a  remote  device indicator. The remote device
              indicator is either REMOTE:user@host: or  REMOTE:host:  A  valid
              remote  SCSI  device  name  may  be:  REMOTE:user@host: to allow
              remote SCSI bus scanning or REMOTE:user@host:1,0,0 to access the
              SCSI  device  at host connected to SCSI bus # 1,target 0, lun 0.
              In order to allow remote access to a specific host, the rscsi(1)
              program needs to be present and configured on the host.

            Alternate SCSI transports
              Cdrecord  is  completely  based  on SCSI commands but this is no
              problem as all CD/DVD/BluRay writers ever made use SCSI commands
              for  the  communication.  Even ATAPI drives are just SCSI drives
              that inherently use the ATA packet  interface  as  SCSI  command
              transport  layer  build  into  the IDE (ATA) transport.  You may
              need to specify an alternate  transport  layer  on  the  command
              line  if  your  OS  does not implement a fully integrated kernel
              driver subsystem that allows to access any drive using SCSI com-
              mands via a single unique user interface.

              To  access SCSI devices via alternate transport layers, you need
              to prepend the SCSI device name by a transport layer  indicator.
              The  transport  layer  indicator may be something like USCSI: or
              ATAPI:.  To get a list of supported transport  layers  for  your
              platform, use dev= HELP:

            Portability Background
              To make cdrecord portable to all UNIX platforms, the syntax dev=
              devicename:scsibus,target,lun is preferred as it hides  OS  spe-
              cific knowledge about device names from the user.  A specific OS
              may not necessarily support a way to specify a real device  file
              name nor a way to specify scsibus,target,lun.

              Scsibus 0 is the default SCSI bus on the machine. Watch the boot
              messages for more information or look into /var/adm/messages for
              more  information  about the SCSI configuration of your machine.
              If you have problems to figure out what values for  scsibus,tar-
              get,lun  should  be  used,  try  the -scanbus option of cdrecord
              described below.

            Using logical names for devices
              If no dev option is present, cdrecord will try to get the device
              from the CDR_DEVICE environment.

              If  a  file /etc/default/cdrecord exists, and if the argument to
              the dev= option or the CDR_DEVICE environment does  not  contain
              the  characters  ',',  '/',  '@'  or ':', it is interpreted as a
              device   label   name   that   was   defined   in    the    file
              /etc/default/cdrecord (see FILES section).

            Autotarget Mode
              If  no  dev= option and no CDR_DEVICE environment is present, or
              if it only contains a transport specifier but no  address  nota-
              tion,  cdrecord  tries to scan the SCSI address space for CD-ROM
              drives.  If exactly one is found, this is used by default.

       debug=#, -d
              Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#)  or  increment  the
              misc  debug  level  by  one  (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
              equals to debug=2.  This may help to find problems while opening
              a  driver  for  libscg  as  well as with sector sizes and sector
              types.  Using -debug slows down the process and may be the  rea-
              son for a buffer underrun.

       kdebug=#, kd=#
              Tell  the scg-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
              commands are running.

       -reset Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD-recorder is located. This
              does not work on all operating systems.

       -scanbus
              Scan  all  SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print the inquiry
              strings. This option may be used to find  SCSI  address  of  the
              CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder  on a system.  The numbers printed out as
              labels are computed by: bus * 100 + target

       scgopts=list
              A comma separated list of SCSI options that are handled by  lib-
              scg.   The implemented options may be uptated indepentendly from
              applications.  Currently, one option: ignore-resid is  supported
              to work around a Linux kernel bug.

       -silent, -s
              Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.

       timeout=#
              Set  the  default  SCSI command timeout value to # seconds.  The
              default SCSI command timeout is the  minimum  timeout  used  for
              sending  SCSI  commands.  If a SCSI command fails due to a time-
              out, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above
              the  timeout  value  of the failed command.  If the command runs
              correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the  bet-
              ter timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of
              the program.  If no timeout= option is present, a default  time-
              out of 40 seconds is used.

       ts=#   Set  the  maximum  transfer size for a single SCSI command to #.
              The syntax for the ts= option is the same as for  cdrecord  fs=#
              or sdd bs=#.

              If  no  ts=  option  has  been specified, cdrecord defaults to a
              transfer size of 63 kB. If libscg gets  lower  values  from  the
              operating system, the value is reduced to the maximum value that
              is possible with the current operating  system.   Sometimes,  it
              may  help  to further reduce the transfer size or to enhance it,
              but note that it may take a long time to find a better value  by
              experimenting with the ts= option.

       -V     Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport
              by one.   This  helps  to  debug  problems  during  the  writing
              process,  that  occur in the CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder.  If you get
              incomprehensible error messages you should use this flag to  get
              more  detailed  output.   -VV  will  show data buffer content in
              addition.  Using -V or -VV slows down the process and may be the
              reason for a buffer underrun.


TRACK OPTIONS

       Track options may be mixed with track file names.

       -audio If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format.  The  file  with  data
              for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with
              44100 samples/s.  The byte order should be  the  following:  MSB
              left,  LSB  left,  MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The
              track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible  to
              put  the  master  image  of an audio track on a raw disk because
              data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording
              process.

              If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is considered to be a
              structured audio data file.  Cdrecord assumes that the  file  in
              this  case  is  a  Sun  audio  file or a Microsoft .WAV file and
              extracts the audio data from the files by skipping over the non-
              audio  header  information.   In  all other cases, cdrecord will
              only work correctly if the audio data stream does not  have  any
              header.   Because  many  structured  audio  files do not have an
              integral number of blocks (1/75th second each) in length, it  is
              often  necessary  to  specify the -pad option as well.  cdrecord
              recognizes that audio data in a .WAV file  is  stored  in  Intel
              (little-endian) byte order, and will automatically byte-swap the
              data if the CD-recorder requires big-endian data.  Cdrecord will
              reject  any audio file that does not match the Red Book require-
              ments of 16-bit stereo samples  in  PCM  coding  at  44100  sam-
              ples/second.

              Using  other  structured audio data formats as input to cdrecord
              will usually work if the structure of the data is the  structure
              described  above  (raw pcm data in big-endian byte order).  How-
              ever, if the data format includes a  header,  you  will  hear  a
              click at the start of the track.

              If  neither  -data  nor  -audio  have  been  specified, cdrecord
              defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
              to -data for all other files.

       -cdi   If  this  flag  is  present, the TOC type for the disk is set to
              CDI.  This only makes sense with XA disks.

       -copy  If this flag is present, all TOC entries  for  subsequent  audio
              tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
              permission to be copied  without  limit.   This  option  has  no
              effect on data tracks.

       -data  If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-ROM mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data size is a  multiple
              of  2048  bytes.   The  file  with  track data should contain an
              ISO-9660 or Rock Ridge filesystem image (see  mkisofs  for  more
              details). If the track data is an ufs filesystem image, fragment
              size should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CD-drives with  2 KB
              sector size to be used for reading.

              -data  is  the default, if no other flag is present and the file
              does not appear to be of one of the well known audio file types.

              If  neither  -data  nor  -audio  have  been  specified, cdrecord
              defaults to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and
              to -data for all other files.

       index=list
              Sets an index list for the next track.  In index list is a comma
              separated list of numbers that are counting from  index  1.  The
              first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers
              must be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75  seconds)
              that  represent  the  start of the indices. An index list in the
              form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index
              2  100  seconds from the start of the track and index 3 200 sec-
              onds from the start of the track.

       -isosize
              Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the next track.
              This  option is needed if you want cdrecord to directly read the
              image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO  master
              CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit the
              size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem.  In the second
              case  the  option  -isosize  is  needed to prevent cdrecord from
              reading the two run-out blocks that are  appended  by  each  CD-
              recorder  in track-at-once mode. These two run-out blocks cannot
              be read and would cause a buffer underrun  that  would  cause  a
              defective copy.

              Note  that  if  this option is used on files created by mkisofs,
              the padding data that was added by mkisofs is lost and  replaced
              by  padding  added by cdrecord.  This may also change the amount
              of padding.

              In case cdrecord reads the track data from stdin, only the first
              track may be used with the -isosize option.

              If -isosize is used for a track, cdrecord will automatically add
              padding for this track as if the -pad option had been  used  but
              the  amount  of  padding may be less than the padding written by
              mkisofs.  Note that if you use -isosize on a track that contains
              Sparc boot information, the boot information will be lost.

              Note  also that this option cannot be used to determine the size
              of a file system if the -multi option is present.

       isrc=ISRC_number
              Set the International Standard Recording  Number  for  the  next
              track to ISRC_number.

       -mode2 If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data size is a multiple of 2336 bytes.

       -nocopy
              If  this  flag  is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
              tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
              permission to be copied only once for personal use - this is the
              default.

       -nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.

       -nopreemp
              If this flag is present, all TOC entries  for  subsequent  audio
              tracks  will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with
              linear data - this is the default.

       -noshorttrack
              Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at
              least 4 seconds.

       -pad   If  the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will be
              added to the end of this and each  subsequent  data  track.   In
              this case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
              It will remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s.   If  the
              -pad  option  refers  to  an  audio track, cdrecord will pad the
              audio data to be a multiple of 2352 bytes.  The audio data  pad-
              ding  is  done  with  binary  zeroes  which is equal to absolute
              silence.

              -pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.

       padsize=#
              Set the amount of data to be appended as  padding  to  the  next
              track  to  #.   Opposed  to the behavior of the -pad option, the
              value for  padsize=  is  reset  to  zero  for  each  new  track.
              Cdrecord  assumes  a  sector size of 2048 bytes for the padsize=
              option, independent from the real sector  size  and  independent
              from  the  write  mode.   The megabytes mentioned in the verbose
              mode output however are counting the output sector size which is
              e.g.  2448  bytes  when  writing in RAW/RAW96 mode.  See the fs=
              option for possible arguments.  To pad the equivalent of 20 min-
              utes  on a CD, you may write padsize=20x60x75s.  Use this option
              if your CD-drive is not able to read the last sectors of a track
              or  if you want to be able to read the CD on a Linux system with
              the ISO-9660 filesystem read-ahead bug.  If  an  empty  file  is
              used  for  track  data, this option may be used to create a disk
              that is entirely made of padding.  This may e.g. be used to find
              out how much overburning is possible with a specific medium.

       -preemp
              If  this  flag  is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
              tracks will indicate that the audio data has been  sampled  with
              50/15  microsec  pre-emphasis.  The data however is not modified
              during the process of transferring  from  file  to  disk.   This
              option has no effect on data tracks.

       pregap=#
              Set the  pre-gap size for the next track.  This option currently
              only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
              disks without the 2-second silence before each track.
              This option may go away in the future.

       -scms  If  this  flag  is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
              tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
              no permission to be copied anymore.

       -shorttrack
              Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Red Book track length
              standard which requires a minimum track  length  of  4  seconds.
              This  option  is  only useful when used in SAO or RAW mode.  Not
              all drives support this  feature.  The  drive  must  accept  the
              resulting CUE sheet or support RAW writing.

       -swab  If  this  flag  is present, audio data is assumed to be in byte-
              swapped (little-endian) order.  Some types  of  CD-writers  e.g.
              Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to
              be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require
              audio  data  to  be  presented  in the big-endian (network) byte
              order normally used by the SCSI protocol.  Cdrecord knows  if  a
              CD-recorder needs audio data in big- or little-endian order, and
              corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of
              the  recorder.  You only need the -swab flag if your data stream
              is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.

              Note that the verbose output of cdrecord will show you if  swap-
              ping  is  necessary to make the byte order of the input data fit
              the required byte order of the recorder.  Cdrecord will not show
              you if the -swab flag was actually present for a track.

       tsize=#
              If  the master image for the next track has been stored on a raw
              disk, use this option to specify the valid  amount  of  data  on
              this disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular
              file, the size of that file is taken to determine the length  of
              this  track.  If the track contains an ISO-9660 filesystem image
              use the -isosize option to determine the length of that filesys-
              tem image.
              In Disk At Once mode and with some drives that use the TEAC pro-
              gramming interface, even in Track At Once mode,  cdrecord  needs
              to  know  the  size  of  each track before starting to write the
              disk.  Cdrecord now checks this and aborts  before  starting  to
              write.  If this happens you will need to run mkisofs -print-size
              before and use the output (with `s' appended) as an argument  to
              the tsize= option of cdrecord (e.g. tsize=250000s).
              See fs= option for possible arguments.

       -xa    If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a  multiple  of
              2048  bytes.   The  XA sector sub-headers will be created by the
              drive.  With this option, the write mode is the same as with the
              -multi option.

       -xa1   If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a  multiple  of
              2056 bytes.  The XA sector sub-headers are part of the user data
              and have to be supplied by the  application  that  prepares  the
              data to be written.

       -xa2   If  this  flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
              CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 2 format. The data is a multiple  of  2324
              bytes.   The XA sector sub-headers will be created by the drive.

       -xamix If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in  a
              way  that  allows a mix of CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1/2 format. The
              data size is a multiple of 2332 bytes.  The XA sector  sub-head-
              ers  are  part  of  the user data and have to be supplied by the
              application that prepares the data to be written.  The  CRC  and
              the  P/Q  parity  ECC/EDC  information  (depending on the sector
              type) have to be supplied by the application that  prepares  the
              data to be written.


EXAMPLES

       For  all  examples  below, it will be assumed that the machine includes
       two drives.  The reader is assumed to be target 1 on the  primary  SCSI
       bus.   The CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder is assumed to be target 2 on the pri-
       mary SCSI bus of the machine.

       If there is only one drive in the machine, the dev= option may be omit-
       ted  in  the examples below, but in this case the examples for replica-
       tion without intermediate files do not apply.

   Replicating an Audio CD
       To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run

           cdda2wav dev=1,0 paraopts=proof -vall cddb=0 -B -Owav

       and then run

           cdrecord dev=2,0 -v -dao -useinfo -text  *.wav

       This will try to copy track indices and  to  read  CD-Text  information
       from  disk.   If  there is no CD-Text information, cdda2wav will try to
       get the information from freedb.org instead.

       To copy an audio CD from a pipe (without intermediate files), first run

           cdda2wav dev=1,0 -vall cddb=0 -info-only

       and then run

           cdda2wav dev=1,0 -no-infofile -B -Oraw - | \
           cdrecord dev=2,0 -v -dao -audio -useinfo -text *.inf

       This  will  get  all  information  (including track size info) from the
       *.inf files and then read the audio data from stdin.

       If you like to write from stdin, make sure that cdrecord is called with
       a  large  enough FIFO size (e.g.  fs=128m), reduce the write speed to a
       value below the read speed of the source drive  (e.g.   speed=12),  and
       switch  the  burn-free  option  for  the  recording  drive on by adding
       driveropts=burnfree.  For the same reason, it  is  not  recommended  to
       extract the audio data in paranoia mode in this case.

   Replicating a simple CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM
       To copy a simple disk, first read the master using:

           readcd dev=1,0 f=somefile

       Then write the disk using:

           cdrecord dev=2,0 -v somefile

   Replicating a CD-ROM in clone mode
       To copy a CD in clone mode, first read the master CD using:

           readcd dev=1,0 -clone f=somefile

       or  (in case the CD contains many sectors that are unreadable by inten-
       tion) by calling:

           readcd dev=1,0 -clone -nocorr f=somefile

       This will create the files somefile and somefile.toc.  Then  write  the
       CD using:

           cdrecord dev=2,0 -raw96r -clone -v somefile

   Creating an Audio CD
       To  record  a  pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with each track con-
       tained in files named track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc.:

           cdrecord -v speed=1 dev=2,0 -dao -audio track*.cdaudio

       To check if it will be OK to use double speed for  the  example  above,
       use the dummy write option:

           cdrecord -v -dummy speed=2 dev=2,0 -dao -audio track*.cdaudio

   Creating a mixed Audio-Data CD
       To  record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO-9660 filesystem from cdimage.raw
       on the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the  files
       track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc.:

           cdrecord -v dev=2,0 -dao cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio

   Creating a CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM
       To  record  a pure disk at double speed, using data from the file cdim-
       age.raw:

           cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=2,0 -dao cdimage.raw

       To create an image for an ISO-9660 filesystem with  Rock  Ridge  exten-
       sions:

           mkisofs -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree

       To check the resulting file before writing to disk on Solaris:

           mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt

       The fbk driver first appeared in 1988.

       Solaris 9 or newer comes with a variant of the original fbk idea called
       lofi.  The command for the lofi variant is:

            mount -r -F hsfs ` lofiadm -a /tmp/cdimage.raw ` /mnt

       Note that lofiadm needs absolute path names.

       On Linux:

           mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt

       Go on with:
           ls -lR /mnt
           umount /mnt

       If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the  structure  of
       the  filesystem  is not too complex, cdrecord will run without creating
       an image of the ISO-9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:

           mkisofs -R /master/tree | cdrecord -v -dao fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 -

       The recommended minimum FIFO  size  for  running  this  pipeline  is  4
       MBytes.   As  the default FIFO size is 4 MB, the fs= option needs to be
       present only if you want to use a different FIFO size.  If your  system
       is loaded, you should run mkisofs in the real-time class too.  To raise
       the priority of mkisofs replace the command

           mkisofs -R /master/tree
       by
           priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 mkisofs -R /master/tree

       on Solaris and by

           nice --18 mkisofs -R /master/tree

       on systems that do  not  have  UNIX  International-compliant  real-time
       scheduling.

       Cdrecord  runs  at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run mkisofs at no
       more than priority 58. On other systems, you should run mkisofs  at  no
       less than nice --18.

       Creating  a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been tested on
       a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did work up  to  quad  speed
       when  the machine was not loaded.  A faster machine may be able to han-
       dle quad speed also in the loaded case.

       To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before  starting
       to write, first run

           mkisofs -R -quiet -print-size /master/tree

       and then run

           mkisofs   -R  /master/tree  |  cdrecord  -v  -dao  speed=2  dev=2,0
       tsize=XXXs -

       where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of mkisofs.

   Setting drive options
       To set drive options without writing a disk (e.g. to switch a drive  to
       single-session mode), run

           cdrecord dev=2,0 -setdropts driveropts=singlesession

       If you like to do this when no disk is in the drive, call

           cdrecord dev=2,0 -force -setdropts driveropts=singlesession


ENVIRONMENT

       CDR_DEVICE
              This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the
              open call of the SCSI transport library or a label in  the  file
              /etc/default/cdrecord.

       CDR_SPEED
              Sets  the  default  speed  value  for  writing  (see also -speed
              option).

       CDR_FIFOSIZE
              Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

       CDR_FORCERAWSPEED
              If this environment variable is set, cdrecord will allow you  to
              write  at  the  full  RAW  encoding speed a single CPU supports.
              This will create high potential of buffer  underruns.  Use  with
              care.

       CDR_FORCESPEED
              If  this environment variable is set, cdrecord will allow you to
              write at the full DMA speed the system supports.   There  is  no
              DMA  reserve  for  reading  the  data that is to be written from
              disk.  This will create high potential of buffer underruns.  Use
              with care.

              If  this  environment variable is set to the value any, cdrecord
              allows to write at any speed even though it may fail later  with
              a buffer underrun.

       RSH    If  the  RSH  environment is present, the remote connection will
              not be created via rcmd(3) but by calling the program pointed to
              by  RSH.   Use  e.g.   RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to create a secure shell
              connection.

              Note that this forces cdrecord to create a pipe  to  the  rsh(1)
              program  and  disallows  cdrecord to directly access the network
              socket to the remote server.  This makes it impossible to set up
              performance parameters and slows down the connection compared to
              a root-initiated rcmd(3) connection.

       RSCSI  If the RSCSI environment is present, the remote SCSI server will
              not  be  the  program  /opt/schily/sbin/rscsi  but  the  program
              pointed to by RSCSI.  Note that the remote SCSI  server  program
              name  will  be  ignored  if you log in using an account that has
              been created with a remote SCSI server program as login shell.


EXIT STATUS

       The following exit codes are used:

       0      No error appeared.

       -1     A specific error appeared. This may be a usage error  caused  by
              an illegal command line or another error with a problem specific
              error message from cdrecord.

       -2     An unspecified error appeared during the process of  talking  to
              the  drive.   See  SCSI error message for more informations. The
              section DIAGNOSTICS below contains an explanation on how to read
              SCSI error messages.

       other  The errno value from a failed system call.

       Note  that older operating systems and older shells may not support the
       full 32 bit range of the exit code and mask the value with  0xFF.  This
       results  in shortened exit codes in the range 0..255 where -1 is mapped
       to 255.


FILES

       /etc/default/cdrecord
              Default  values  can  be  set  for  the  following  options   in
              /etc/default/cdrecord.     For   example:   CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m   or
              CDR_SPEED=2

              CDR_DEVICE
                     This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable
                     to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label
                     in the file /etc/default/cdrecord that allows to identify
                     a specific drive on the system.

              CDR_SPEED
                     Sets the default speed value for writing (see also -speed
                     option).

              CDR_FIFOSIZE
                     Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

              CDR_MAXFIFOSIZE
                     Sets the maximum size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

              Any other label
                     is an identifier for a  specific  drive  on  the  system.
                     Such  an  identifier  may not contain the characters ',',
                     '/', '@' or ':'.

                     Each line that follows a label contains a  TAB  separated
                     list of items.  Currently, four items are recognized: the
                     SCSI ID of the drive, the default speed  that  should  be
                     used for this drive, the default FIFO size that should be
                     used for this drive and drive specific options. The  val-
                     ues  for  speed  and  fifosize  may  be set to -1 to tell
                     cdrecord to use  the  global  defaults.   The  value  for
                     driveropts may be set to "" if no driveropts are used.  A
                     typical line may look this way:

                     teac1= 0,5,0   4    8m   ""

                     yamaha= 1,6,0  -1   -1   burnfree

                     This tells cdrecord that a drive named teac1 is at  scsi-
                     bus  0,  target  5, lun 0 and should be used with speed 4
                     and a FIFO size of 8 MB.  A second drive may be found  at
                     scsibus 1, target 6, lun 0 and uses the default speed and
                     the default FIFO size.

       *.inf  The *.inf files are created by cdda2wav where * is  replaced  by
              the  actual  audio  file  prefix.   They  are  read  and used by
              cdrecord in case cdrecord was called with the -useinfo option.

              There are three general types of parameters:

              numerical parameters
                     A numerical parameter is a number  and  directly  follows
                     the tag label without any quoting.

              unquoted string type parameters
                     An unquoted parameter is make from one or more words that
                     directly follow the tag label.  How many words  from  the
                     parameter  list  are  used by cdrecord depends on the tag
                     label.

              quoted string type parameters
                     A string type parameter is enclosed in single quotes. The
                     string starts after the first single quote character that
                     follows the tag label and ends  before  the  last  single
                     quote  on the same line.  It needs no escape sequences in
                     case that a single quote appears inside the string.   Any
                     text to the right of the rightmost single quote character
                     is ignored.

              The order of the tag labels in the file is not important.

              The following tag labels may appear in a *.inf file:

              CDINDEX_DISCID=
                     The cdindex disk ID is used by the  musicbrainz  CD-data-
                     base.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

                     This tag label is ignored by cdrecord.

              CDDB_DISCID=
                     The  cddb  disk ID is used by the cddb and the freedb CD-
                     database.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This tag label is ignored by cdrecord.

              MCN=   The Media Catalog Number (MCN) is a 13 digit number  that
                     follows UPC/EAN-13 rules.

                     The  data is used by cdrecord to create sub-channel data.

              ISRC=  The International Standard Recording Code (ISRC) is a  12
                     byte string that is created from two uppercase characters
                     for the country code, followed by three uppercase charac-
                     ters  for  the owner, followed by two digits for the year
                     of recording followed by five digits  for  the  recording
                     serial number.

                     To increase the readability of the ISRC tag, there may be
                     a minus sign between every two fields of the ISRC string.

                     The  data is used by cdrecord to create sub-channel data.

              Albumtitle=
                     The Album Title is the name of the disk  in  the  CD-Text
                     information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Tracktitle=
                     The  Track  Title is the name of the current track in the
                     CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albumperformer=
                     The Album Performer is the global name of the of the per-
                     former of the disk in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Performer=
                     The  Performer is the name of the of the performer of the
                     current track in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albumsongwriter=
                     The Album Songwriter is the global name  of  the  of  the
                     songwriter of the disk in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Songwriter=
                     The  Songwriter  is  the name of the of the songwriter of
                     the current track in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albumcomposer=
                     The Album Composer is the global name of the of the  com-
                     poser of the disk in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Composer=
                     The  Composer  is  the name of the of the composer of the
                     current track in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albumarranger=
                     The Album Arranger is the  global  name  of  the  of  the
                     arranger of the disk in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Arranger=
                     The  Arranger  is  the name of the of the arranger of the
                     current track in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albummessage=
                     The Album Message is the global message text of the  disk
                     in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Message=
                     The  Message  is the message text of the current track in
                     the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Albumclosed_info=
                     The Album Closed_info is the global closed info  text  of
                     the disk in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Closed_info=
                     The  Closed_info  is  the closed info text of the current
                     track in the CD-Text information.

                     This tag label uses a quoted string type parameter.

              Track= The parameter contains the relative number of the current
                     track  on  the original disk.  The first track always has
                     the track number 1, a hidden track uses track number 0.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This tag label is ignored by cdrecord except when  check-
                     ing the the Trackstart for track #1.

              Tracknumber=
                     The parameter contains the absolute number of the current
                     track, taken from the TOC  on  the  original  disk.   The
                     first  track  on  the  original  disk  may  have a number
                     greater than 1, a hidden track always uses  track  number
                     0.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This  tag  label  is  currently  ignored  by  cdrecord as
                     cdrecord assigns track numbers when  compiling  the  disk
                     information.

              Trackstart=
                     The  parameter contains the track start offset in sectors
                     on the original disk.  If the current track  becomes  the
                     first  track  on  the  new  disk and if the track was the
                     first track on the original  disk.   cdrecord  uses  this
                     number  to set up the offset for index 1 on the new disk.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

              Tracklength=
                     The parameter is used by cdrecord to set up the  size  of
                     the track on the new disk.

                     This  tag label uses an unquoted string type parameter in
                     the form "sectors, samples".

                     This label is mandatory for cdrecord.

              Pre-emphasis=
                     The pre-emphasis parameter controls whether  the  related
                     pre-emphasis  bit  in  the  sub-channel  data  is  set by
                     cdrecord.  Permitted values for this  parameter  are  yes
                     and no.

                     This  tag  label  uses an unquoted string type parameter.
                     Valid values are yes and no.

              Channels=
                     The parameter of this tag is the number  of  channels  on
                     the  disk.   All  CD-audio disks use stereo recording and
                     thus a 2 is the correct parameter.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This label is currently ignored by cdrecord.

              Copy_permitted=
                     The parameter for this  tag  label  contains  information
                     about  the  copyright  state  of  a track on the original
                     disk.

                     This tag label uses an unquoted  string  type  parameter.
                     Valid values are:

                     yes    The  digital  copy permitted bit is set in the TOC
                            and in the sub-channel data.  If this bit is  set,
                            the  related  track is not copyright protected and
                            may be copied infinitely.

                     no     The digital copy permitted bit is not set  in  the
                            TOC.   The  digital copy permitted bit in the sub-
                            channel data alters with 9.375 Hz.  This is called
                            Serial  Copy  Management System (SCMS).  The sense
                            of this track state is to flag that the creator of
                            the  CD  does not have the copyright permission to
                            create copies of the related  track.  The  related
                            track  is  copyright  protected and the creator of
                            the CD thus is just given the permission to create
                            one  single  copy from fair use rights and no fur-
                            ther copies are permitted from this source.

                     once   The digital copy permitted bit is not set  in  the
                            TOC  and  in  the  sub-channel data.  The sense of
                            this track state is to flag that the related track
                            is  copyright  protected and thus may not be coped
                            infinitely.  One single copy from fair use  rights
                            is permitted.

                     Note  that  many CDs sold by the music industry have SCMS
                     flagged for one  or  more  tracks,  signalling  that  the
                     related  content  company  does  not own the copyright to
                     make copies from this track.

              Endianess=
                     The parameter for this tag is the byte order used in  the
                     audio data file that was created for this track.

                     This  tag  label  uses an unquoted string type parameter.
                     Valid values are little and big.

                     This label is ignored by cdrecord  as  the  endianess  is
                     retrieved from the audio file format.

              Index= The parameter list for this tag is a list of numbers that
                     are sector numbers counting  relatively  to  the  logical
                     beginning  of the track (which always is at index #1). As
                     any track needs to have an entry for index #1, the  first
                     entry  in  the  list  is  always  0.  If more entries are
                     present for this tag, there are more offset  values  that
                     correspond to index values greater than 1.

                     This  tag  label  uses  an unquoted string type parameter
                     that contains a list of space separated index offset num-
                     bers.

              Index0=
                     The  parameter  for  this tag is a number that represents
                     the number of sectors relatively to the beginning  (index
                     #1) of this track.  This number identifies where index #0
                     of the next track begins. It the parameter is set to  -1,
                     the  next track has no index #0, resulting in pregap size
                     0 for the next track.

                     Note that cdrecord strictly follows the CD-standard  that
                     defines  that  the logical beginning of a track is at the
                     location where index #1 starts in this track.   If  index
                     #0  for  track  n  contains audio data, the related audio
                     data is a logical part of track n-1.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

              MD5-offset=
                     The parameter for this tag is the byte offset  where  the
                     raw audio data begins in the related audio file.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This label is ignored by cdrecord.

              MD5-size=
                     The  parameter for this tag is the number of bytes of raw
                     audio data in the related audio file.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This label is ignored by cdrecord.

              MD5-sum=
                     The parameter for this tag is the md5  sum  for  the  raw
                     audio data in the related audio file.

                     This tag label uses a numerical parameter.

                     This label is ignored by cdrecord.

       *.cue  The *.cue files are CD-structure description files introduced by
              CDRWIN.  They are read and used by cdrecord in case cdrecord was
              called with the cuefile=name.cue option.

              The following commands are supported in CUE files:

              ARRANGER arranger-string
                     This  command  is  used to specify the name of a arranger
                     for a disk that includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The parameter is the name of a arranger.  If  the  string
                     contains  any  spaces,  it  must be enclosed in quotation
                     marks.

                     If the ARRANGER command appears before any TRACK command,
                     the  string  parameter will be encoded as the arranger of
                     the entire disk.  If the ARRANGER command appears after a
                     TRACK  command,  the string parameter will be encoded the
                     the arranger of the current track.

                     This command is only accepted if  the  cdrecord  specific
                     CUE extensions are permitted.

              CATALOG media-catalog-number
                     This  command is used to specify the disc's Media Catalog
                     Number.  The media-catalog-number is a  13  digit  number
                     that follows UPC/EAN-13 rules.

                     This  command can appear only once in the CUE SHEET file.
                     It must appear before any TRACK command.

              CDTEXTFILE filename
                     This command is used to specify the name of a  file  that
                     contains binary encoded CD-Text information.  CDRWIN only
                     accepts headerless binary  encoded  CD-Text  information,
                     but cdrecord also accepts binary encoded CD-Text informa-
                     tion with an MMC-compliant header.  The CD-Text  informa-
                     tion  is  ignored  by cdrecord unless the -text option is
                     used.

                     If the filename contains spaces, it must be  enclosed  in
                     quotation marks.

              COMPOSER composer-string
                     This  command  is  used to specify the name of a composer
                     for a disk that includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The parameter is the name of a composer.  If  the  string
                     contains  any  spaces,  it  must be enclosed in quotation
                     marks.

                     If the COMPOSER command appears before any TRACK command,
                     the  string  parameter will be encoded as the composer of
                     the entire disk.  If the COMPOSER command appears after a
                     TRACK  command,  the string parameter will be encoded the
                     the composer of the current track.

                     This command is only accepted if  the  cdrecord  specific
                     CUE extensions are permitted.

              FILE filename filetype
                     This command is used to specify a data or audio file that
                     contains data to be written to the medium.

                     If the filename contains spaces, it must be  enclosed  in
                     quotation marks.

                     The following values are allowed for the file type param-
                     eter:

                     BINARY      Intel binary file (LSB first)

                     MOTOTOLA    Motorola binary file (MSB first)

                     AIFF        Audio AIFF file

                     WAVE        Audio WAVE file

                     MP3         Audio MP3 file

                     AU          Audio AU file (only permitted if cdrecord CUE
                                 extensions are enabled)

                     OGG         Audio  OGG  file  (only permitted if cdrecord
                                 CUE extensions are enabled)

                     All audio files (WAVE, AIFF, MP3, AU and OGG) must be  in
                     44100  Hz 16 bit stereo format.  MP3 and OGG is currently
                     unsupported.

                     If an audio file is not an exact multiple of a CDROM sec-
                     tor  (2352  bytes), then is is padded with zeroes to fill
                     up to the needed size.

                     All FILE commands need to be before a related TRACK  com-
                     mand  and after the last INDEX command or POSTGAP command
                     for the previous track.

                     If the cdrecord specific CUE extensions are enabled, then
                     a FILE command may also appear between an INDEX 00 and an
                     INDEX 01 command.  This allows to let the user create one
                     file  per  track where the file starts at INDEX 01 of the
                     track and ends after INDEX 00 of the following track.  In
                     this  case, no FILE command is allowed before the related
                     TRACK command.

              FLAGS flags
                     This command is used to set special subcode flags  within
                     a track.

                     The following flags are supported:

                     DCP         Digital copy permitted

                     4CH         Four channel audio

                     PRE         Pre-emphasis enabled (audio tracks only)

                     SCMS        Serial  copy management system (not supported
                                 by all recorders)

                     More than one flag type argument  may  appear  after  the
                     FLAGS command (e.g FLAGS DCP PRE).

                     The  FLAGS  command must appear after a TRACK command but
                     before any INDEX command.   Only  one  FLAGS  command  is
                     allower per TRACK command.

                     The  fourth  subcode  flag  that marks data tracks is set
                     automatically for data tracks.

              INDEX number mm:ss:ff
                     This command is used to specify indexes within a track.

                     The first parameter is the  index  number  in  the  range
                     0-99.

                     The  second parameter is a relative time in minutes, sec-
                     onds and frames (there are 75 frames/second).

                     All index numbers must be between  0  and  99  inclusive.
                     The  first  index  for a track must be either 0 or 1 with
                     all indexes being sequential to the first one.  The first
                     index for a file must start at 00:00.00.

                     INDEX 00  specifies  the  starting  time of the pregap of
                               the track.

                     INDEX 01  specifies the starting time of the track.  This
                               is  the  index  that  is stored in the table of
                               content for the disk as the track start.

                     INDEX > 1 specifies a subindex within a track.

              ISRC recording code
                     This command is used to specify the  International  Stan-
                     dard  Recording  Code  (ISRC)  of a track. This is a code
                     that should exist for all commercial audio tracks.

                     The ISRC code must be 12 characters in length.  The first
                     two characters are characters that are from the two char-
                     acter  country  code.   The  next  three  characters  are
                     alphanumeric  and describe the studio code.  The next two
                     characters are the last two  digits  from  the  recording
                     year.   The  last  5  characters  are  digits that form a
                     serial number that is unique  for  the  same  studio  and
                     year.

                     If  cdrecord  specific  CUE extensions are permitted, the
                     four fields of the ISRC may be separated by a minus sign.

                     If the ISRC command is used, it must appear after a TRACK
                     command but before any INDEX command.

              MESSAGE message-string
                     This command is used to specify the test of a message for
                     a disk that includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The  parameter  is  the  test of a message. If the string
                     contains any spaces, it must  be  enclosed  in  quotation
                     marks.

                     If  the MESSAGE command appears before any TRACK command,
                     the string parameter will be encoded as  the  message  of
                     the  entire disk.  If the MESSAGE command appears after a
                     TRACK command, the string parameter will be  encoded  the
                     the message of the current track.

                     This  command  is  only accepted if the cdrecord specific
                     CUE extensions are permitted.

              PERFORMER performer-string
                     This command is used to specify the name of  a  performer
                     for a disk that includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The parameter is the name of the performer. If the string
                     contains any spaces, it must  be  enclosed  in  quotation
                     marks.

                     If  the  PERFORMER  command appears before any TRACK com-
                     mand, the string parameter will be encoded  as  the  per-
                     former  of  the  entire  disk.   If the PERFORMER command
                     appears after a TRACK command, the string parameter  will
                     be encoded the the performer of the current track.

              POSTGAP mm:ss:ff
                     This  command  is used to specify the length of a postgap
                     at the end of a track.  The  postgap  data  is  generated
                     internally  by  cdrecord.   No  data is consumed from the
                     current data file.

                     The parameter specifies the postgap  length  in  minutes,
                     seconds and frames.

                     The  POSTGAP command must appear after all INDEX commands
                     for the current  track.   Only  one  POSTGAP  command  is
                     allowed per track.

              PREGAP mm:ss:ff
                     This command is used to specify the length of a pregap at
                     the beginning of a track.  The pregap data  is  generated
                     internally  by  cdrecord.   No  data is consumed from the
                     current data file.

                     The parameter specifies the postgap  length  in  minutes,
                     seconds and frames.

                     The  PREGAP command must appear after a TRACK command but
                     before any INDEX command.  Only  one  PREGAP  command  is
                     allowed per track.

              REM comment
                     This command is used to put comments into a CUE file.

                     The  text that appears in the line after a REM command is
                     usually ignored. There is an exception: The special  com-
                     ment REM CDRTOOLS is used to enable cdrecord specific CUE
                     extensions in the parser.

              SONGWRITER songwriter-string
                     This command is used to specify the name of a  songwriter
                     for a disk that includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The  parameter is the name of a songwriter. If the string
                     contains any spaces, it must  be  enclosed  in  quotation
                     marks.

                     If  the  SONGWRITER command appears before any TRACK com-
                     mand, the string parameter will be encoded as  the  song-
                     writer  of  the  entire  disk.  If the SONGWRITER command
                     appears after a TRACK command, the string parameter  will
                     be encoded the the songwriter of the current track.

              TITLE title-string
                     This  command  is used to specify a title for a disk that
                     includes CD-Text enhancements.

                     The parameter is the title for a track or for  the  disk.
                     If the string contains any spaces, it must be enclosed in
                     quotation marks.

                     If the TITLE command appears before  any  TRACK  command,
                     the  string parameter will be encoded as the title of the
                     entire disk.  If the TITLE command appears after a  TRACK
                     command,  the  string  parameter  will be encoded the the
                     title of the current track.

              TRACK number datatype
                     This command is used to start a new TRACK.

                     The first parameter is a track number in the range  1-99.

                     The second parameter specifies the track data type.

                     The following datatypes are permitted:

                     AUDIO       Audio/Music (2352)

                     CDG         Karaoke CD+G (2448)

                     MODE1/2048  CDROM Mode1 Data (cooked)

                     MODE1/2352  CDROM Mode1 Data (raw)

                     MODE2/2336  CDROM-XA Mode2 Data

                     MODE2/2352  CDROM-XA Mode2 Data

                     CDI/2336    CDI Mode2 Data

                     CDI/2352    CDI Mode2 Data

                     All  track  numbers  must  be between 1 and 99 inclusive.
                     The first track number can be greater than one,  but  all
                     track  numbers after the first must be sequential.  There
                     must be at least one track per file.


SEE ALSO

       cdda2wav(1), readcd(1), scg(7), fbk(7), mkisofs(8), rcmd(3), ssh(1).


NOTES

       Not all options described in this manual may be supported by the  Open-
       Source  variant of cdrecord. Cdrecord issues a warning if an attempt is
       made to use an option that has been disabled in the OpenSource variant.

       On Solaris before Solaris 10 Update 1, you need to stop the volume man-
       agement if you like to use the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even
       things like cdrecord -scanbus will not work if the volume management is
       running.

       Disks made in Track At Once mode are  not  suitable  as  a  master  for
       direct  mass production by CD-manufacturers.  You will need the disk at
       once option to record such disks.  Nevertheless the disks made in Track
       At  Once  will  normally  be read in all CD-players. Some old audio CD-
       players however may produce  a  two  second  click  between  two  audio
       tracks.

       The  minimal  size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If you write
       smaller tracks, the CD-recorder will add dummy blocks. This is  not  an
       error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way.

       Cdrecord  has  been  tested  on an upgraded Philips CDD-521 recorder at
       single and double speed on a  SparcStation  20/502  with  no  problems,
       slower  computer  systems should work also.  The newer Philips/HP/Plas-
       mon/Grundig drives as well as Yamaha CDR-100 and CDR-102 work also. The
       Plasmon  RF-4100  works,  but  has not been tested in multi-session.  A
       Philips CDD-521 that has not been upgraded will  not  work.   The  Sony
       CDU-924  has  been  tested,  but does not support XA-mode2 in hardware.
       The Sony therefore cannot create conforming multi-session  disks.   The
       Ricoh RO-1420C works, but some people seem to have problems to use them
       with speed=2, try speed=0 in this case.

       The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming  drives  are  sup-
       ported in single and multi-session.

       You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with
       the -dummy option turned on if you are using  cdrecord  on  an  unknown
       system.  Writing  a  CD  is  a  real-time process.  NFS will not always
       deliver constantly the needed data rates.  If you want to use  cdrecord
       with  CD-images  that  are located on a NFS mounted filesystem, be sure
       that the FIFO size is big enough.  The author used cdrecord with medium
       load on a SS20/502 and even at quad speed on a Sparcstation-2 which was
       heavily loaded, but it is recommended to leave the  system  as  lightly
       loaded  as  possible while writing a CD.  If you want to make sure that
       buffer underruns are not caused by your source disk, you  may  use  the
       command

           cdrecord -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null

       to  create  a disk that is entirely made of dummy data.  Cdrecord needs
       to run as root to get access to the /dev/scg?  device nodes and  to  be
       able to lock itself into memory.

       If  you  don't  want  to  allow  users  to  become root on your system,
       cdrecord may safely be installed suid root. This allows all users or  a
       group  of  users  with no root privileges to use cdrecord.  Cdrecord in
       this case checks if the real user would have  been  able  to  read  the
       specified files.  To give all users access to use cdrecord, enter:

            chown root /opt/schily/bin/cdrecord
            chmod 4711 /opt/schily/bin/cdrecord

       To give a restricted group of users access to cdrecord enter:

            chown root /opt/schily/bin/cdrecord
            chgrp cdburners /opt/schily/bin/cdrecord
            chmod 4710 /opt/schily/bin/cdrecord

       and add a group cdburners on your system.

       Never  give  write  permissions  for  non  root  users to the /dev/scg?
       devices unless you would allow anybody to  read/write/format  all  your
       disks.

       You should not connect old drives that do not support disconnect/recon-
       nect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the CD-recorder or the
       source disk.

       A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.

       When  creating  a disc with both audio and data tracks, the data should
       be on track 1 otherwise you should create a  CDplus  disk  which  is  a
       multi-session  disk  with the first session containing the audio tracks
       and the following session containing the data track.

       Many operating systems are not able to read more  than  a  single  data
       track, or need special software to do so.

       More  information  on  the  SCSI command set of a HP CD-recorder can be
       found at:

            http://www.hp.com/isgsupport/cdr/index.html

       If you have more information or  SCSI  command  manuals  for  currently
       unsupported CD/DVD/BluRay-recorders please contact the author.

       The Philips CDD 521 CD-recorder (even in the upgraded version) has sev-
       eral firmware bugs. Some of them will force  you  to  power  cycle  the
       device or to reboot the machine.

       When using cdrecord with the Linux SCSI generic driver, you should note
       that cdrecord uses a layer, that tries to emulate the functionality  of
       the  scg  driver  on  top  of the drives of the local operating system.
       Unfortunately, the sg driver on Linux has several flaws:

       o      It cannot see if a SCSI command could not be sent at all.

       o      It cannot get the SCSI status byte.  Cdrecord  for  that  reason
              cannot report failing SCSI commands in some situations.

       o      It  cannot get real DMA count of transfer.  Cdrecord cannot tell
              you if there is a DMA residual count.

       o      It cannot  get  number  of  bytes  valid  in  auto  sense  data.
              Cdrecord  cannot  tell  you if device transfers no sense data at
              all.

       o      It fetches too few data in auto request sense (CCS/SCSI-2/SCSI-3
              needs >= 18).

       The FIFO percent output is computed just after a block of data has been
       written to the CD/DVD/BluRay-recorder.  For  this  reason,  there  will
       never be 100% FIFO fill ratio while the FIFO is in streaming mode.


DIAGNOSTICS

       You  have 9 seconds to type ^C to abort cdrecord after you see the mes-
       sage:

       Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s session.

       A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:

              cdrecord: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
              CDB:  00 20 00 00 00 00
              status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
              Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
              Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
              Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
              Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
              cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       The first line gives information about the transport  of  the  command.
       The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call
       from the view of the kernel. It usually  is:  I/O  error  unless  other
       problems  happen.  The  next  words contain a short description for the
       SCSI command that fails. The rest of the line tells you if  there  were
       any problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus.  fatal
       error means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e.  no
       device present at the requested SCSI address).

       The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed
       command.

       The third line gives information on the SCSI status  code  returned  by
       the  command,  if the transport of the command succeeds.  This is error
       information from the SCSI device.

       The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for
       the command.

       The  fifth  line is the error text for the sense key if available, fol-
       lowed by the segment number which is only valid if the  command  was  a
       copy  command. If the error message is not directly related to the cur-
       rent command, the text deferred error is appended.

       The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense qual-
       ifier if available.  If the type of the device is known, the sense data
       is decoded from tables in scsierrs.c .  The text  is  followed  by  the
       error value for a field replaceable unit.

       The  seventh line prints the block number that is related to the failed
       command and text for several error flags. The block number may  not  be
       valid.

       The  eighth  line  reports  the timeout set up for this command and the
       time that the command really needed to complete.

       The following message is not an error:

              Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
              cdrecord: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
              CDB:  35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
              status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
              Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
              Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
              Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
              Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
              cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       It simply notifies that a track that is smaller than the  minimum  size
       has been expanded to 300 sectors.


BUGS

       Cdrecord has even more options than ls.

       There  should  be a recover option to make disks usable, that have been
       written during a power failure.


CREDITS

       Bill Swartz    (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
                      For helping me with the TEAC driver support

       Aaron Newsome  (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
                      For letting me develop Sony support on his drive

       Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
                      For supplying mkisofs

       Gadi Oxman     (gadio@netvision.net.il)
                      For tips on the ATAPI standard

       Finn Arne Gangstad  (finnag@guardian.no)
                      For the first FIFO implementation.

       Dave Platt     (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
                      For creating the experimental  packet  writing  support,
                      the  first implementation of CD-RW blanking support, the
                      first .wav file decoder and  many  nice  discussions  on
                      cdrecord.

       Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
                      For the first implementation of a BSDI SCSI transport.

       Grant R. Guenther   (grant@torque.net)
                      For creating the first parallel port transport implemen-
                      tation for Linux.

       Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
                      for providing the CAM port  for  FreeBSD  together  with
                      Michael Smith (msmith@freebsd.org)

       Heiko Eiszfeldt (heiko@hexco.de)
                      for  making  libedc_ecc  available  (needed to write RAW
                      data sectors).


MAILING LISTS

       If you want to actively take part on the development of  cdrecord,  you
       may join the developer mailing list via this URL:

       https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/cdrtools-developers


AUTHOR

       Joerg Schilling
       Seestr. 110
       D-13353 Berlin
       Germany

       Additional information can be found on:
       http://cdrecord.org/private/cdrecord.html

       If you have support questions, send them to:

       cdrtools-support@lists.sourceforge.net

       If you have definitely found a bug, send a mail to:

       cdrtools-developers@lists.sourceforge.net
       or joerg.schilling@fokus.fraunhofer.de

       To subscribe, use:

       https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/cdrtools-developers
       or https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/cdrtools-support


INTERFACE STABILITY

       The  interfaces provided by cdrecord are designed for long term stabil-
       ity.  As cdrecord depends on  interfaces  provided  by  the  underlying
       operating  system,  the stability of the interfaces offered by cdrecord
       depends on the interface stability  of  the  OS  interfaces.   Modified
       interfaces in the OS may enforce modified interfaces in cdrecord.

Joerg Schilling             Version 3.02 2017/09/21                CDRECORD(1)

Man(1) output converted with man2html