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Programming Tools Guide



About this book
        Using this guide

Using programming tools
        Creating the source code
        Archiving the code
        Analyzing the code
                Using cb
                Using cscope
                Using lint
                Using cflow
                Using cxref
        Archiving changes made during the analysis
        Compiling the code
                Using make
        Testing the code
        Debugging the code
                Using dbxtra
                Testing the correction
        Program structure and guidelines
                Program structure
                Header files
                Error handling

C compilation system
        Compiling and linking
                Basic cc command line syntax
                Commonly used cc command line options
                        Searching for a header file
                        Preparing your program for debugging
                        Preparing your program for profiling
                        Optimizing your program
                Link editing
                        Linking with archive libraries
                        Linking with dynamically linked libraries
                        Linking with standard libraries
                        Creating and linking with archive and dynamically linked libraries
                        Specifying directories to be searched by the link editor
                        Specifying directories to be searched by the dynamic linker
                        Checking for run-time compatibility
                        Dynamic linking programming interface
                        Implementation
                        Guidelines for building dynamically linked libraries
                                Minimize the library's data segment
                                Minimize paging activity
                        Maintenance
                        Multiply defined symbols
                        Quick-reference guide
        Libraries and header files
                Header files
                How to use library functions
                C library (libc)
                        Standard I/O routines
                        String, character, environment and memory routines
                        System calls
                Math library (libm)
                General purpose library (libgen)
                Standard I/O
                        Standard files
                        Named files
                        Passing command line arguments

C language compiler
                Compilation modes
                        Global behavior
                Phases of translation
        Source files and tokenization
                Tokens
                Identifiers
                Keywords
                Constants
                        Integral constants
                        Floating point constants
                        Character constants
                        Wide characters and multibyte characters
                String literals
                Wide string literals
                Punctuators
                Comments
        Preprocessing
                Trigraph sequences
                Preprocessing tokens
                        Preprocessing numbers
                Preprocessing directives
                        Preprocessing operators
                        Macro definition and expansion
                        File inclusion
                        Conditional compilation
                        Line control
                        Assertions
                        Version control
                        Pragmas
                        Error generation
                        Predefined names
        Declarations and definitions
                Basic types
                        Type qualifiers
                        Structures and unions
                        Enumerations
                Scope
                Storage duration
                Storage class specifiers
                Declarators
                        Pointer declarators
                        Array declarators
                        Function declarators
                Function definitions
        Conversions and expressions
                Implicit conversions
                        Characters and integers
                        Signed and unsigned integers
                        Integral and floating
                        Float and double
                        Usual arithmetic conversions
                Expressions
                        Objects and lvalues
                        Primary expressions
                Operators
                        Unary operators
                        Cast operators -- explicit conversions
                        Multiplicative operators
                        Additive operators
                        Bitwise shift operators
                        Relational operators
                        Equality operators
                        Bitwise AND operator
                        Bitwise exclusive OR operator
                        Bitwise OR operator
                        Logical AND operator
                        Logical OR operator
                        Conditional operator
                        Assignment expressions
                        Comma operator
                        Structure operators
                Associativity and precedence of operators
                Constant expressions
                Initialization
        Statements
                Expression statement
                Compound statement
                Selection statements
                        if
                        else
                        switch
                Iteration statements
                        while
                        do-while
                        for
                Jump statements
                        goto
                        break
                        continue
                        return
        Portability considerations

COFF link editor
        Sections
        Memory configuration
                Addresses
                Binding
                Object files
        Link editor command language
                Expressions
                Assignment statements
                        Syntax
                        Interaction with source code
                        The location counter symbol
                        Pseudo-functions
                        Types of expression values
                Specifying a memory configuration
                Section definition directives
                        File specifications
                        Loading a section at a specified address
                        Aligning an output section
                        Grouping sections together
                        Creating holes within output sections
                        Creating and defining symbols at link-edit time
                        Allocating a section into named memory
                        Initialized section holes or .bss sections
        Changing the entry point
        Using archive libraries
                        The -l option
                        The -u option
        Allocation algorithm
                Incremental link editing
                DSECT, COPY, NOLOAD, INFO, and OVERLAY sections
                Output file blocking
                Nonrelocatable input files
        Syntax diagram for input directives

lint analyzer
                        Options and directives
                        lint and the compiler
                        Message formats
        What lint does
                Consistency checks
                Portability checks
                Suspicious constructs
        Using lint
                lint libraries
                lint filters
                Options and directives listed
        Understanding lint-specific messages

dbXtra and dbxtra
        Invoking dbXtra and dbxtra from the command line
        The dbXtra interface
                Configuring dbXtra X11 and Motif resources
        The dbxtra interface
                Screen mode
                dbxtra keyboard interface
                        dbxtra screen functions
                        Sample key bindings
        dbxtra tutorial session
                Preparing files for dbxtra
                Starting dbxtra
                The dbxtra screen
                The dbxtra help facility
                Printing the value of variables
                Viewing source code and aliasing
                Viewing the call stack
                Traversing the call stack
                Monitoring the contents of variables
                Analyzing the results
                Examining a different function
                Using a breakpoint
                Continuing after a breakpoint
                Exiting dbxtra
        dbXtra and dbxtra commands
                File menu: saving and quitting
                        Write Configuration File
                        Exit dbXtra
                Events menu: managing execution time events
                        Events
                        Call
                        When
                        Stop
                        Trace
                        Interrupt
                        Catch
                        Ignore
                        Dbxtra
                eXecute menu: executing the program being debugged
                        Run
                        Rerun
                        Continue
                        Skip
                        Next
                        Step
                        Goto
                        Jump
                        Return
                        Instruction
                Source menu: accessing source files
                        Browse file
                        Source Path
                        Search
                        Function
                        DbXref
                        Up
                        Down
                Info menu: debugging registers, memory locations, and expressions
                        Show
                        Where
                        Display
                        Assign
                        Which
                        Print
                        Xref
                        Variables
                        Registers
                        Memory
                Options menu: controlling the debugging environment
                        C/C++
                        Preferences
                        Environment
                The help menu
                curses interface commands
                        forward/backward
                        keys
                        more
                        screen
                        sh and !
                        source
                        undisplay
                        version
                Default command aliases
                dbXtra and dbxtra expressions and conditions
                        Identifier resolution
                        Types and casting
        C++ specific debugging features
                Usage requirements
                Overloaded functions and operators
                The dbXtra and dbxtra cc command
        Debugging child processes
        Attaching to a running process

sdb: symbolic debugger
        Using sdb
                Printing a stack trace
                Examining variables
        Source file display and manipulation
                Displaying the source file
                        Changing the current source file or function
                        Changing the current line in the source file
        A controlled environment for program testing
                Setting and deleting breakpoints
                Running the program
                Calling functions
        Machine language debugging
                Displaying machine language statements
                Manipulating registers
        Other commands
        An sdb session

adb: absolute debugger
        Starting adb
                Starting adb with a core image file
                Exiting adb
        Displaying program instructions and data
                Forming addresses
                Forming expressions
                        Symbol names
                        adb variables
                        Current address
                        Register names
                        Operators
                Choosing data formats
                Using the = command
                Using the ? and / commands
                An example: simple formatting
        Debugging program execution
                Executing a program
                Setting breakpoints
                Displaying breakpoints
                Continuing execution
                Stopping a program with interrupt and quit
                Single-stepping a program
                Killing a program
                Deleting breakpoints
                Displaying the C stack backtrace
                Displaying CPU registers
                Displaying external variables
                An example: tracing multiple functions
        Using the adb memory maps
                Displaying the memory maps
                        Giving segment numbers
                Changing the memory map
                Creating new map entries
                Validating addresses
        Miscellaneous features
                Combining commands on a single line
                Creating adb scripts
                Setting output width
                Setting the maximum offset
                Setting default input format
                Using UNIX commands
                Computing numbers and displaying text
                An example: directory and inode dumps
        Patching binary files and memory
                Locating values in a file
                Writing to a file
                Making changes to memory

C programmer's productivity tools
        lprof
                Creating a profiled version of a program
                Running the profiled program
                The PROFOPTS environment variable
                Examples of using PROFOPTS
                        Turning off profiling
                        Merging data files
                        Keeping data files in a separate directory
                        Profiling within a shell script
                        Profiling programs that fork
        Interpreting profiling output
                Viewing the profiled source listing
                        Showing unexecuted lines
                Specifying program and data files to lprof
                Files needed by lprof
                        Source files in a different directory
                Source listing for a subset of files
                Summary option
                Merging option
                Cautionary notes on using lprof
                        Trouble at compile time
                        Non-terminating programs
                        Failure of data to merge
                        Trouble at the end of execution
                        No data collected
                        Data file not found
                        Using lprof with program generators
                        Using lprof with shared libraries
                Improving performance with prof and lprof
                Improving test coverage with lprof
                        Example 1: searching for untested features
                        Example 2: functions that are never called
        cscope
                Configuring the environment
                        Setting the terminal type
                        Choosing an editor
                        Choosing a browser
        Using cscope
                        Searching for #include files
                        Searching for source files
                Running cscope
                The cross-reference file
                A tutorial example: locating the source of the error message
                        Stacking cscope and editor calls
                Conditional compilation directives
        Examples of using cscope
                Changing a text string
                Adding an argument to a function
                Changing the value of a variable

make
        Basic features
        Parallel make
        Recursive makefiles
        makefiles and substitutions
                Dependency line syntax
                Dependency information
                Macro definitions
                Executable commands
                Output translations
        Suffixes and transformation rules
                Implicit rules
                Archive libraries
                Tildes in SCCS filenames
                The null suffix
                Creating new suffix rules
        include files
        Dynamic dependency parameters
        Environment variables
        Suggestions and warnings
        Makefile example
        Internal rules

Source code control system (SCCS)
        SCCS for beginners
                Terminology
                Creating an SCCS file using admin
                Retrieving a file by means of get
                Recording changes by using delta
                Additional information about get
        Delta numbering
        SCCS command conventions
                x-files and z-files
        SCCS commands
                Error messages
                help command
                get command
                        Undoing a get -e
                delta command
                admin command
                prs command
                sact command
                rmdel command
                cdc command
                what command
                sccsdiff command
                comb command
                val command
                vc command
        SCCS files
                Protection
                Formatting
                Auditing

lex
        Writing lex programs
                Rules section
                        Regular expressions
                        Actions
                        yytext, yyleng
                        ECHO
                Definitions section
                        External definitions
                        #include statements
                        Abbreviations
                The subroutines section
        Advanced lex usage
                Disambiguating rules
                Context sensitivity
                        Trailing context
                        Starting state
                lex I/O routines
                Routines to reprocess input
                        yymore
                        yyless
                        REJECT
                        End-of-file processing with yywrap
                Using lex with yacc
                        yylex()
                        Returning tokens
                        Using a symbol table
        Using lex under UNIX systems
                Running lex
                        Options
                Compiling a lexical analyzer
                Running the lexical analyzer
        Using make with lex

yacc
        yacc specifications
                Terminal and non-terminal symbols
                Rules
                        Literals and escape sequences
                        Alternation in grammar rules
                        Empty rules
                        Representing constructs as tokens or non-terminals
                        Erroneous specifications
                Actions
                        Values of symbols
                        Default action
                        Actions in the middle of rules
                        Accessing left-context symbols
                        Parse trees
                Declarations
                        Tokens
                        Start symbol
                        C declarations
                        Support for arbitrary value types
                        Other declarations
                Subroutines
        The yacc environment
        Lexical analysis
                lex and yylval
                Token numbers
                End-marker token
                Reserved token names
        Parsing
                Compiling
                        Using make
                Running the parser
                Parser operation
                        Shift action
                        Reduce and goto actions
                        Accept action
                        Error action
                        Interpreting the y.output file
        Ambiguity and conflicts
                Disambiguating rules
        Precedence
                Assigning a precedence to grammar rules
        Error handling
                Error token
                Interactive error recovery
        Hints for preparing specifications
                Input style
                Left recursion
                Lexical tie-ins
                Reserved words
        Examples of using yacc
                Simple example
                Advanced example

Shared libraries
        What is a shared library?
                        Shared libraries examples
                Building an a.out file
        Deciding whether to use a shared library
        Space considerations
                Saving space
                Increase space usage in memory
        Coding an application
                Identifying a.out files that use shared libraries
                Debugging a.out files that use shared libraries
        Implementing shared libraries
                The host library and target library
                The branch table
        Building a shared library
                The building process
                        Step 1: choosing region addresses
                        Step 2: choosing the target library pathname
                        Step 3: selecting library contents
                        Step 4: rewriting existing library code
                        Step 5: writing the library specification file
                        Step 6: using mkshlib to build the host and target
                Guidelines for writing shared library code
        Choosing library members
                Include large, frequently used routines
                Exclude infrequently used routines
                Exclude routines that use much static data
                Exclude routines that complicate maintenance
                Include routines the library itself needs
        Changing existing code for the shared library
                Minimize global data
                        Define text and global data in separate source files
                        Initialize global data
                Using the specification file for compatibility
                        Preserve branch table order
                        Use #hide and #export to limit externally visible symbols
                Importing symbols
                        Imported symbols that the library does not define
                        Imported symbols that users must be able to redefine
                        Mechanics of importing symbols
                        Pointer initialization fragments
                        Selectively loading imported symbols
                        Referencing symbols in a shared library from another shared library
                Providing compatibility with non-shared libraries
                Tuning the shared library code
                        Profile the code
                        Choose library contents
                        Organize to improve locality
                        Align for paging
                        Avoid hardware thrashing
                Checking for compatibility
                        Checking versions of shared libraries using chkshlib(CP)
                        Dealing with incompatible libraries
                An example
                        The original source
                        Choosing region addresses and the target pathname
                        Selecting library contents
                        Rewriting existing code
                        Writing the specification file
                        Building the shared library
                        Using the shared library

ANSI implementation-defined behavior
        Translation
        Environment
        Identifiers
        Characters
        Integers
        Floating point
        Arrays and pointers
        Registers
        Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields
        Qualifiers
        Declarators
        Statements
        Preprocessing directives
                Pragmas
                        asm
                        comment
                        ident
                        int_to_unsigned
                        pack
                        weak
        Library functions
        Locale-specific behavior
        C Implementation limits description
        Translation limits

C compiler diagnostics
                Message types and applicable options
                Operator names in messages
        Messages
        Operator names
        Other error messages

Index